Canadian Sources:
General References

Jean Sansobrino, PACCAR Inc and Jocelyne Blanchard, Transportation Association of Canada, compilers

General References: Industry Overview (including regulation/deregulation)

A Survey of the Impact of Reform of Extra Provincial Regulation on the International for Hire Activities of the Canadian Trucking Industry. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Motor Carrier Branch, 1984,iv, 32p.

Abdul Cubukgil Associates Inc. Potential Impact of Replacing Reverse-Bonus Test with Fitness Test. Ottawa: Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators, 1986, 139p.

ADI Limited and IBI Group. Impacts of Canada's Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Research and Interprovincial Agreement. Ottawa, Canada: Transportation Association of Canada, Canadian Trucking Research Institute, 1994, 170p.

In 1988 and 1989, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Vehicle Weights and Dimensions came into effect in Canada. The agreement allowed larger and heavier trucks to operate across Canada on designated highways, and introduced a greater degree of uniformity than had existed previously. This report examines the effects of the MOU on trucking in Canada from 1988 to 1992. Specifically, this study focuses on truck fleet composition, transportation costs, total trucking costs, infrastructure costs (geometric design, pavements maintenance, bridges, other highway users), and safety.

ADI Limited. Industry Canada: Profile on Canada's Private Trucking Industry. Ottawa, Canada: Industry Canada, 1995.

This report uses a number of databases to present a profile of Canada's private trucking industry. The results from the analyses of these databases are supplemented with a private fleet survey and interviews.

Ash, L. Canada's Trucking Industry Moves Toward a Nationally Certified Program of Driver Training, in the Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : Transport Gateways and Trade Corridors, Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 26-29, 1996, Volume 2. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1996, p. 776-791.

This paper is intended to enhance the reader's understanding of current initiatives of the Canadian Trucking Human Resources Council (CTHRC) directed toward a nationally certified program of driver training for Canada's Motor Carrier Industry. The comments presented are based on two industry surveys undertaken by the author in 1994 and 1995.

Barzyk, F. Trucking in a Borderless Market: a Profile of the Canadian Trucking Industry, 1988 to 1994, in the Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : Transport Gateways and Trade Corridors, Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 26-29, 1996, Volume 1. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1996, p. 24-41.

The Canadian For-hire trucking industry has experienced important changes to its operating environment beginning with deregulation in 1987 and followed closely by the signing of the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This paper investigates the size, structure and activity of Canada's For-hire trucking industry in the context of these regulatory and economic changes.

Billing, J. and M. Young. A Discussion of Design Vehicles and Warrants for Geometric Design of Intersections: Transportation : a Key to Canadian Competitiveness, in the Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, September 13 to 17, 1992, Volume 2. Ottawa: Transportation Association of Canada, 1992. pp. B83-B106

Canada's Memorandum of Understanding on Vehicle Weights and dimensions, signed in 1988, set new limits for the size of heavy trucks. The Memorandum has been implemented by all provinces, and has resulted in a new generation of trucks whose dimensions may strain some intersections designed to older standards. This paper draws on data from weigh-in-motion scales to assess dimensions of some current classes of vehicle.

Blanchard, G. Trucking Deregulation in the United States: a Study of the Financial and Economic Impacts of the Motor Carrier Act (MCA) of 1980. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Motor Carrier Branch, 1985, 207p.

Bodden, D. Competing Effectively with American Companies on their Own Turf, in the Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : a Look Back from the Year 2000, Fredericton, New Brunswick, June 1st to 4th, 1993. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1993. pp. 41-56.

Examines methods on how to utilize deregulated American carriers and resources in Canada to effectively compete against companies located in the States.

Boucher, M. Economic Analysis of Regulations Governing the Trucking Industry in Quebec. Canadian Transport Commission. Research Branch, 1979.

Boucher, M. The Impact of Deregulation on the Québec Trucking Industry : a Preliminary Assessment, in the Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1990, pp. 123-134.

The purpose of this paper is to assess, on a preliminary basis, the main effects of this new policy whose objective is to promote competition in an industry which was formally regulated over the last 37 years.

Boucher, M. The Behaviour of Quebec Trucking Firms Since the 1988 Regulatory Reform, in the Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : a Look Back from the Year 2000, Fredericton, New Brunswick, June 1st to 4th, 1993. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1993. pp. 282-294.

The purpose of this paper is to assess, through the analysis of two specific corridors, namely the Montreal-Saguenay-Lac Saint-Jean one and the other, covering Montreal-Greater Trois Rivieres, how trucking firms implement new management and technical practices coming from their daily experience and translate them into more efficient behaviour.

Bowland, J.,and D. Mcknight. Best Practices in the North American Trucking Industry, in the Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : Transport Gateways and Trade Corridors, Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 26-29, 1996, Volume 1. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1996, pp. 11-23.

Summarizes the results of a survey of best practices in the North American trucking industry. KPMG assessed trends and practices in the truckload (TL) and less-than-truckload (LTL) sectors in Canada and the U.S. The analysis included trends in financial performance, major expense items, financial policies, information technology, operating practices and markets.

CCMTA National Truck Roadside Survey: Data Analysis Manual. Ottawa: Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators, 1997.

The 1995 national roadside survey (NRS) was undertaken to produce a profile of the volume and characteristics of truck activity on Canada's highways, information needed for policy development and highway planning. The methodology and findings of the survey are presented in this report. This report explains the use of the "Data analysis package".

CCMTA National Truck Roadside Survey: Project Report. Ottawa: Canadian Council Of Motor Transport Administrators, 1997.

The 1995 national roadside survey (NRS) was undertaken to produce a profile of the volume and characteristics of truck activity on Canada's highways, information needed for policy development and highway planning.

Clayton, A., Fekpe, E. and F. Nix. Enforcement and Overweight Trucking, in the Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum, Canadian Transportation : Competing in a Global Context, Banff, Alberta, June 9 to 12, 1992. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1992. pp. 298-308.

The objectives of this paper are : 1. to review key impressions reported in the literature about enforcement and its effects; 2. to present an overview of weight enforcement programs in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and to examine new evidence from these provinces about how the intensity of enforcement at weigh scales affects the amount of overweight trucking; 3. to provide suggestions as to appropriate directions that weight enforcement programs and related research should take.

Commercial Vehicle Inspections in Canada: National Safety Code Standards 11, 12 and 13. Ottawa: Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators, 1994.

Provides the motor carrier professional with the necessary information to comply with the existing safety requirements for the maintenance and inspection of commercial vehicles. The manual provides information to develop and implement safety programs that will ensure only safe equipment gets on the road. Operators and carriers have the responsibility to ensure equipment is maintained in safe condition to avoid the possibility of accident due to mechanical defects.

Compliance Interprovincial Reference Guide: Fourth Edition. Ottawa: Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators, 1991, 66p.

The purpose of this guide is to provide readily accessible reference information for those officials responsible for enforcing legislation relevant to the transportation of people and goods in Canada. This material updates the 1988 edition and includes information that enforcement organization and legislation enforced in each province and territory.

Delaquis, M. and F. P. Nix. Long Combination Vehicle Operations in Canada, in the Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : Cooperation - Competition - Commercialization, Aylmer, Quebec, May 14-17, 1995. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1995. pp. 668-681.

Documents the extent of long-combination vehicle operations in Canada, provides figures on relative performance and discusses policy issues associated with their use.

Fekpe, E. S. Uncertainties in Truck Regulatory Policy and Highway Infrastructure Management, in the Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : Transport Gateways and Trade Corridors, Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 26- 29, 1996, Volume 2. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1996.

Glandt, D., Lieber, S. and J. A. Puckett. An Automated Procedure for the Regulation of Overweight Vehicles: Developments in Short and Medium Span Bridge Engineering '90, in the Third International Conference on Short and Medium Span Bridges held in Toronto, Ontario, August 7-10, 1990, Volume 1. Montreal: Canadian Society For Civil Engineering, 1990, pp. 503-510.

A methodology for the evaluation of overload vehicles is developed.

Gough & Gray Group, Inc. A Comparison of Canadian and U.S. Carrier Management Approaches. Ottawa, Canada: National Transportation Act Review Commission, 1992. ii, 41 leaves.

Examines the significant differences between Canadian and U.S. management approaches in the trucking industry.

Gough & Gray Group, F. Nix and Transmode Consultants Inc. Implications of Alternative Cabotage Rules. Ottawa: Minister of Transport. Task Force on Trucking Issues, 1991, 85p.

This study was commissioned by Transport Canada and constitutes one of seven studies conducted for the Minister's Task Force on Trucking. The purpose of this study was to examine cabotage related problems encountered by the trucking industry, and to assess the implications of alternative cabotage rules.

Heavy Truck Weight and Dimension Regulations for Interprovincial Operations in Canada Resulting from the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Memorandum of Understanding on Interprovincial Weights and Dimensions. Ottawa: Transportation Association of Canada. Interjurisdictional Committee On Vehicle Weights and Dimensions, 1995, 36p.

In February 1988, the Council of Ministers of Transportation and Highway Safety endorsed a Memorandum of Understanding designed to improve uniformity in regulations covering weights and dimensions of four types of commercial vehicles operating between provinces and territories on a nationwide highway system. Since the original agreement was established, two amendments have been prepared and endorsed by all participating jurisdictions: one in September 1991 and one in July 1994. This document gives the most up to date weights and dimensions allowable in all provinces and territories.

Heyes, A. Market Structure, Regulatory Externalities and the Overloading of Trucks: An Industry Perspective, in the Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum: Going the Distance, Victoria, British Columbia, May 15-18, 1994. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1994, pp. 929-945.

In this paper the author assesses the regulatory problem surrounding the enforcement of weight limits. In particular, the scope for industry self-regulation is considered. The focus of this study is the problem faced by firms in the industry, and regulatory framework is to some extent 'black boxed', though people will motivate the external characteristics of that black box in several ways.

Highway Sessions : Canadian Transportation Research Forum : Proceedings : Transportation : Emerging Realities, Toronto, Ontario, May 25-28, 1997 :Volume 1. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1997.

Papers presented at the sessions were as follows: The changing relative importance of international and interprovincial merchandise trade in Canada with particular reference to Ontario (Sinanan, F. and K. Junor); Truck traffic between Canada and the United States (Nix, F.P., Billing,J.R. and M. Delaquis); A rough sets determination of financial variables most influential in predicting motor carrier failures (Hashemi, R.R., Le Blanc, L.A., Hinson, W.,and Walid Al-Massyabi and Chow, G.); Disaggregate analysis of freight transportation characteristics (Fekpe, E.S.K.); An industry with many faces : balance sheets analysis of for-hire trucking companies (Masse, R.); Moral aspects of road pricing policy (Bunting,M.); Private fleet competitiveness : is backhauling an opportunity? (Mardon, A).

Hirshhorn, R. Trucking Regulation in Canada: a Review of the Issues. Ottawa: Economic Council of Canada, 1981, viii, 183p.

Jacques, B. Entry and Exit in the Trucking Industry 1984 to 1989. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Economic Analysis, 1991. 39p.

Provides an analysis of data in order to establish the entry and exit levels of firms in the Canadian trucking industry by region and by revenue class. Data covers the 1984-1989 period. The main conclusion of the analysis is that the Canadian trucking industry, as a whole, grew in each year covered by the data.

Kingham, R. I. NAFTA Trade Corridors : the "Unlevel Playing Field" for International Carriers, in the Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : Transport Gateways and Trade Corridors, Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 26-29, 1996, Volume 2. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1996. pp. 677-689

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) became effective in 1994 committing Canada, United States and Mexico to a program that would remove trade barriers. The purpose of this paper is to assist planners in understanding the existing barriers to the efficient movement of trucks and automobiles across borders.

Kirk, B. D. and M. B. Cairns. Canadian For-Hire Trucking and the Effects of Regulation: a Cost Structure Analysis. Canadian Transport Commission. Research Branch, 1980.

Little, G. A Profile of the Ontario Private Trucking Industry , in the Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : a Look Back from the Year 2000, Fredericton, New Brunswick, June 1st to 4th, 1993. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1993, pp. 57-70.

Nix, F. Motor Carrier Transport Study : the Impact of Weight and Dimension Regulations on Trucking. Ottawa, Canada: National Transportation Act Review Commission, 1992, 120p.

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact recent changes in truck weight and dimension regulations have had on trucking in Canada. Preliminary evidence on the impact of this 1988 agreement on highway safety, road use and trucking productivity is considered.

Nix, F. The 1988 Agreement on Truck Weight and Dimension Regulations, in the Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : a Look Back from the Year 2000, Fredericton, New Brunswick, June 1st to 4th, 1993. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1993. pp. 318-332.

Nix, F. P. Impact of Regulatory Differences on the Motor Carrier Industry. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada, 1994, 52p.

Assesses the impact of regulatory differences on trucking in Canada. The focus is on the industry's perception about how provincial/territorial regulatory differences affect business.

Nix, F. P. Trucking in Canada: a Profile. Ottawa: Canadian Trucking Research Institute, 1996, v, 33p.

Provides an overview of trucking in Canada by drawing on statistical information from Statistics Canada, Transport Canada and Industry Canada. Examines for-hire trucking, private trucking, the fleet, freight, trucks and roads, trucking and the economy, trucks and government, and the financial health of the trucking industry. As well, the author provides a detailed section on data sources and estimates.

Nix, F. P. Trucking in Canada: a Profile. Ottawa: Canadian Trucking Research Alliance, 1998. 36p.

This report is an overview of the Canadian trucking industry. It is divided into the following chapters: What is "The Trucking Industry"? Trucking, transportation and the economy; The fleet; Freight hauled by trucks; Trucks and roads; Trucks and government; Trucks and energy; Financial performance of the for-hire trucking industry; Summary; References; Notes on sources.

Memorandum of Understanding Respecting a Federal-Provincial- Territorial Agreement on Vehicle Weights and Dimensions. Ottawa: Council of Ministers Responsible for Transportation and Highway Safety, 1991, 48p.

Mcrae,J. J. and D. M. Prescott. Regulation and Performance in the Canadian Trucking Industry. Ottawa: Economic Council of Canada, 1982, xxiii, 183p.

Mozes, S. and C. Walsh. Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement : an Impetus for North-South and East-West Flows, in the Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1990, pp. 88-204.

Provides an integrated and comprehensive picture of commodity traffic trends in Canada over the last ten years. It examines shifts in domestic cargo carriage activities and looks at recent developments in Canada-U.S. freight movements. The analysis focuses on the rail and truck modes and is based on data derived from a number of statistical programs. In order to provide a more cogent perspective on recent developments, different statistical yardsticks are used.

Paving the Way to Simplicity : a Discussion Paper Concerning Ontario's Commercial Vehicle Weight Laws, October 1992. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Transportation, 1992.

The purpose of this report is to give you some insight as to the Vehicle Weight Review Project's mission, provoke thought as to what you believe are the problems with the current weight laws, as well as suggest how the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario is to solve them.

Pearson, J. Heavy Truck Weight and Dimension Regulations for Interprovincial Operations in Canada Resulting from the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Memorandum of Understanding on Interprovincial Weights and Dimensions. Ottawa: Transportation Association of Canada. Interjurisdictional Committee on Vehicle Weights and Dimensions, 1993, 45p.

The Provincial and Territorial governments in Canada have authority over the weight and dimension limits which apply to the highways within their boundaries. This report describes the heavy truck weight and dimension regulations which were agreed to by the provinces in the Memorandum of Understanding on Interprovincial Weights and Dimensions (MOU). The purpose of the MOU is to provide improved uniformity in weight and dimension limits through establishment of minimum and/or maximum thresholds acceptable to all jurisdictions for eight configurations of vehicles commonly used in interprovincial transportation.

Premier Carrier Program Symposium, October 28, 1994, Montreal, Quebec. Ottawa: Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators, 1994.

The Symposium on the Premier Carrier Program was held on October 28, 1994 in Montreal, Quebec and was attended by approximately 60 individuals representing government, the trucking, shipping and enforcement communities.

Prentice,B. E., Bruning, E. R. and D. Benell. The Impact of Canada-U.S. Trade Agreement on the Canadian Refrigerated Trucking Industry, in the Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1991, pp. 485-499.

Clarifies several uncertainties and to allow an objective assessment of the consequences of the Canada-U.S. Trade Agreement (CUSTA) on the refrigerated trucking segment.

Price Waterhouse. Canadian Trucking Industry : Human Resource Challenges and Opportunities. Ottawa, Canada: Employment and Immigration Canada, 1990, 117p.

Session 11 : Performance and Issues in the North American Trucking Industry : Canadian Transportation Research Forum, in the Proceedings : Logistics in a Changing Global Economy, Edmonton, Alberta, May 25-28, 1998. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1998.

Papers presented at the session were as follows: Value of goods transported by truck in Ontario (Tardif, R.); Technical change in capital and energy conservation in the Canadian trucking industry : an empirical analysis of an experiment (Boucher,M.); Key indicators and best practices in the North American trucking industry (Bowland,J. and McKnight,D.)

Special Task Force on Truck Owner Operators Report to the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators. 1991, 51p.

Examines the regulatory environment surrounding the trucking industry in the Spring of 1991. It explores the effects on the industry of the rise of owner-operators and load brokers.

Tardif, L. P. The Trucking Industry: an Industry in Transition, in the Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum, Canadian Transportation : Competing in a Global Context, Banff, Alberta, June 9 to 12, 1992. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1992, pp. 242-252.

Covers the new environment surrounding the transport industry, then touch upon the factors or issues the trucking industry is likely to concern itself with over the next three to five years. In closing, this paper will suggest a research agenda in response to the issues faced by the industry in the short, medium and long term.

Transmode Consultants Inc. The Impact of Regulatory Reform on the Canadian Trucking Industry. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada, 1992, 80p.

Contains an analysis of the impact of the regulatory reform process on the Canadian trucking industry, focusing on financial and operating indicators.

Transportation Trends & Issues: 1994 Motor Carrier Survey. Hull, Canada: National Transportation Agency of Canada, 1994, 66p.

Highlights the results of a 1994 survey across Canada, conducted by the National Transportation Agency of Canada. Issues examined include, among others, basic information regarding the trucking companies, operating licenses, size of carriers' fleet, age of fleet, number of employees, transborder operations, third-party logistics, intermodal services participation, and financial data.

Transportation Trends & Issues: 1994 Motor Carrier Survey, Province of British Columbia. Hull, Canada: National Transportation Agency of Canada, 1994, 63p.

This series of reports highlights the results of a 1994 survey across Canada, conducted by the National Transportation Agency of Canada. This volume focuses on results obtained from the province of British Columbia.

Transportation Trends & Issues: 1994 Motor Carrier Survey, Prairie Provinces. Hull, Canada: National Transportation Agency of Canada, 1994, 63p.

This series of reports highlights the results of a 1994 survey across Canada, conducted by the National Transportation Agency of Canada. This volume focuses on results obtained from the Prairie provinces.

Transportation Trends & Issues: 1994 Motor Carrier Survey, Maritime Provinces. Hull, Canada: National Transportation Agency of Canada, 1994, 62p.

This series of reports highlights the results of a 1994 survey across Canada, conducted by the National Transportation Agency of Canada. This volume focuses on results obtained from the Maritime provinces.

Transportation Trends & Issues: 1994 Motor Carrier Survey, Province of Ontario. Hull, Canada: National Transportation Agency of Canada, 1994, 63p.

This series of reports highlights the results of a 1994 survey across Canada, conducted by the National Transportation Agency of Canada. This volume focuses on results obtained from the province of Ontario.

General References: Operations/Finance

Acton, J, G., et al. Review of Truck Driver Selection, Evaluation and Training Devices. Ottawa: Transportation Association of Canada. Research and Development Council, 1991, 23p.

Arcelus, F. J. and J. E. Rowcroft. Determinants of Small Volume Trucking Rates, in the Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1991, pp. 380-392.

This paper presents an examination of the relationship between rate, package weight and distance for routes throughout Canada and for weights up to 500lb., the limit on the less-than-truckload (LTL) category in the 'freight of all kinds' schedule.

Billing,J. R., Delaquis, M. and F. P. Nix. Performance-based Truck Weight and Dimension Regulations, in the Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : Transport Gateways and Trade Corridors, Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 26-29, 1996, Volume 2. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1996, pp. 893-907.

Bowland,J. M. and R. G. Friend. Economic Impact of Introducing Longer Trailers in Ontario, in the Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum: Going the Distance, Victoria, British Columbia, May 15-18, 1994. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1994, pp. 508-518.

Assesses the economic impact on Ontario shippers of introducing longer trailers. This paper considers the impact on Ontario shippers of accepting longer trailers in Ontario and forecasts the impact of acceptance in all of eastern Canada.

Bowland, J. M. and D. B. Toms. Productivity Improvements in the Trucking Industry, in the Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1991, pp. 126-137.

This paper is based on research conducted on behalf of drivesave/trucksave, a branch of the Ministry of Transportation Ontario. The study objectives were to: i) determine the nature and scope of existing productivity programs in the Ontario trucking industry; ii) examine the potential for further productivity improvements; and iii) identify major barriers that restrict productivity gains.

Bunting, P. M. Highway Costs and Revenues Attributable to Intercity Trucking: Working Papers. Kingston: Queen's University. Canadian Institute of Guided Ground Transport, 1983, v, 84p.

Capelle, R. B. Financial and Operating Characteristics of ICC-Regulated Transborder Trucking Companies, in the Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum, Canadian Transportation : Competing in a Global Context, Banff, Alberta, June 9 to 12, 1992. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1992, pp. 230-241.

U.S-Canada transborder trucking is an important and growing market, according to many researchers, anecdotal evidence and trade journal articles on individual carriers and commodity groups. The objective of this paper is to assess the magnitude of importance of the transborder market in the U.S. trucking industry and begin to identify which carriers are involved.

Chow, G. Hickling Corporation. Division of Economics and Policy. Economics of the Trucking Industry in Transborder Markets: Final Report. Minister of Transport. Task Force on Trucking Issues, 1991, 64p.

The specific objectives of this report are to analyze the economics of the trucking industry in transborder markets to determine the major differences faced by Canadian and U.S. domiciled carriers, and to assess the importance of these differences in the competitiveness of Canadian truckers and their options for change.

Clayton, A. M. and F. P. Nix. Owner-Operators in Ontario, in the Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1991, pp. 309-323.

In 1988 Ontario conducted one of its periodic road-side surveys, resulting in a large data base on commercial trucks. This paper reports on an effort to use this information to describe owner-operators.

Davies, G. A Productivity Study of For-Hire Intercity Trucking: 1978-1988, in the Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1991, p. 138-151.

Provides a clear picture of how the industry is currently functioning. It is hoped that in so doing it will be creating a baseline for future comparisons.

Davies, G. Owner-Operators in Intercity For-Hire Trucking 1978-1988, in the Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1991, pp. 286-300.

Examines the behaviour and role of owner-operators in intercity for-hire trucking during the period from 1978, by which time the first oil crisis had subsided, to 1988, the start of the current industry trucking crisis. Because of data limitations, a picture of the period can only be sketched in broad strokes and using many assumptions.

Denham, F. R. Trucking Industry Management Training Needs Analysis. Ottawa: Canadian Trucking Research Institute, 1993, 51p.

Addresses the management training needs in the trucking industry. Specifically, the objectives were to: identify the skill and knowledge required to manage a trucking fleet; identify gaps in that knowledge and skill; define the needs for training; identify management "wants"; identify and review existing training programs.

Empey, B, Farrow, J. and P. Inglis. Ontario Moves by Truck : the Role and Contribution of the Trucking Industry in Ontario. Rexdale: Ontario Trucking Association, 1989, 29p.

Flint, G. F. Environmental Influences on Freight Transportation Policy, in the Proceedings of the 1991 Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, September 15-19, 1991, Volume 5. Ottawa: Transportation Association of Canada, 1991, pp. B29-B45.

Determines the extent to which environmental concerns are influencing North American Governments in public policy decisions regarding goods movement generally, and the specific effect such policies are having on private sector carrier and mode selection.

For-Hire Trucking Industry in the Atlantic Provinces: a Regional Perspective. Canadian Transport Commission. Research Branch. Transport Industries Analysis. M & B Transportation Consulting Associates, 1982.

Gibson, A. W. and W.G. Blevins. Comparison of Emissions and Energy Use for Truck and Rail, in the Proceedings of the 1991 Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, September 15-19, 1991, Volume 4. Ottawa: Transportation Association of Canada, 1991, pp. B29-B42.

There has been comparatively little published information on the relative energy-efficiency and emission levels of trucks and railways. What little has appeared in print has tended to look at aggregate figures for the two industries, including types of movement for which there is little intermodal competition such as urban deliveries and unit trains of bulk commodities. This sheds little light on the potential to reduce fuel usage and emissions by shifting traffic between the modes. This paper presents figures for the types of movement where the two modes do compete, based on locomotive engine tests, typical truck fuel consumptions, and emission regulations.

Gilbert, R. Diesel Trucking: a Growth Market for Greenhouse Gas Emissions, in the 1999 Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Transportation Association of Canada, September 26-29, 1999, Saint John, New Brunswick: Strategic Investments for Sustainable Transportation in the New Millennium. Ottawa: Transportation Association of Canada, 1999.

This paper was presented at the "Shifting modes to get to Kyoto - freight transportation in the new millennium' session. This paper sets out and discusses recent and projected use of diesel fuel for freight haulage by road vehicles in Canada, the United States, other OECD countries, and non-OECD countries.

Gorys, J, Little, Ripley,G. and L. P. Tardif. Border Truck Movement Characteristics Ontario, 1988, in the Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum, Canadian Transportation : Competing in a Global Context, Banff, Alberta, June 9 To 12, 1992. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1992, pp. 213-229.

In 1988, an on-highway survey of commercial vehicle movements was undertaken by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation, to obtain data on trucks, loads, drivers and origin/destination characteristics. Of particular interest was information on vehicles that crossed Ontario's borders. The intent of this paper is to detail the characteristics of border truck movements by other criteria captures by the survey. A similar survey was undertaken in 1983.

Jones, J. All Roads Lead to Rome? : a Comparison of For-Hire Trucking Productivity in Canada and the United States, 1978-1988, in the Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1991, pp. 451-463.

Presents some preliminary conclusions and outstanding research issues concerning the productivity performance of the Canadian and U.S. for-hire trucking industries in the period following deregulation in the United States and ending with the first year following the passage of the Motor Vehicle Transportation Act (1988).

Maister, D. H. Regulation and the Level of Trucking Rates in Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. Centre for Transportation Studies, 1977, 43p.

Mathieson, A. Owner Operators in Canada: Who Are These Guys?, in the Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum: Going the Distance, Victoria, British Columbia, May 15-18, 1994. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1994, pp. 479-493.

Presents, through the use of administrative and survey data, a portrait of Canadian owner operator activity in 1991. Financial data gathered from tax files will be combined with operational characteristics gathered from a telephone survey of truck operations earning between $25,000 and $1 million in annual gross operating revenues. The methodology employed in this study is presented in the Appendix.

Metropolitan Toronto Roads and Traffic Department; Cole, Sherman and Associates Limited; R.K. House and Associates Limited. Metropolitan Toronto Goods Movement Study. Toronto: Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, 1988, 268p.

This project had five major areas of study: 1) the importance of goods movements to the economy of Metro Toronto and the costs of congestion, 2) physical and regulatory restrictions affecting goods movement, 3) current standards for on-street loadings areas and their impact on traffic operations, 4) movement of dangerous goods by road in Toronto, and 5) the movement of oversize or overweight loads through the city.

Nix, F. Trucks and Energy Use : a Review of the Literature and the Data in Canada. Ottawa, Rexdale, Montreal: Canadian Trucking Association, Ontario Trucking Association, Quebec Trucking Association, 1991, 39p.

Much of the literature comparing rail and trucking energy efficiency measures transportation output as a "tonne-kilometre" (or "ton-mile). The problem is that the movement of mass (tonnes) over distance (kilometres) is only one of the services a transportation service provides. There are ways of comparing trucks and rail that avoid using tonne-kilometres as a measure of output. This paper examines three.

Nix, F. P. Impact of Introducing Long Trucks to Ontario. Ottawa: Canadian Trucking Research Institute, 1995, 9p.

Describes an estimate of the likely impact of introducing long truck combinations, under permit, to Ontario.

Nix, F. P. Impact of Longer Combination Vehicles on Energy Use & Emissions. Ottawa: Canadian Trucking Research Institute, 1995, 18p.

Examines the impact on energy use and emissions if long combination trucks are allowed to operate. It uses fuel-economy competition data from Manitoba to estimate equations which predict fuel use for both single-trailer and multiple-trailer configurations.

Nix, F. P. Long Truck Activity in Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Trucking Research Institute, 1995, 75p.

Long trucks are truck tractors with two or three trailers where either the number of trailers or the combined configuration length exceeds normal limits. Because of the number of trailers or the extra length, long trucks operate by permit in 27 North American jurisdictions. This report examines the regulations allowing their use and describes their early development. The purpose is to document the extent and nature of long truck operations in five Canadian jurisdictions.

Ontario Ministry of Transportation. Truck Transportation Office. Ontario For-Hire Trucking: a Six Year Perspective 1980 to 1985. Downsview: Ontario Ministry of Transportation, 1988, 27p.

Presents a statistical summary of the for-hire trucking industry in the province of Ontario over a five year span. The data was collected in a Statistics Canada survey of trucking companies with a gross annual revenue of $100,000 or more.

Ownership Patterns and Foreign Influence in the Canadian Trucking Industry. Transport Canada. Strategic Planning Group. Transports Canada. Groupe de Planification Strategique.

Price Waterhouse. The Financial Performance of Canadian Trucking Firms. Minister of Transport. Task Force on Trucking Issues, 1991, 51p.

Analyzes the performance of Canadian trucking firms in Canada-U.S. transborder markets. This study is part of a set of research projects commissioned by Transport Canada and the Minister's task force reviewing the competitiveness of Canadian trucking firms in transborder markets and comparing it to the performance of the U.S. trucking sector.

Siwak K ., Raney, B., Rhone, L. and L. Tharratt. Business Skills Requirements for Competitive Owner-Operators, in the Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum, Canadian Transportation : Competing in a Global Context, Banff, Alberta, June 9 to 12, 1992. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1992, pp. 92-106.

To better understand the business skills needed by the owner-operator trucking sector in Ontario, the Ontario Ministry of Transportation (M.T.O.) conducted a province-wide survey of owner-operators. This paper presents the results of the survey.

Sypher:Mueller International Inc. Transportation Energy Consumption Rate Data. Victoria, British Columbia: Ministry of Transportation and Highways, 1995.

Provides transportation energy consumption rates for a variety of vehicle classes.

Tardiff, L. Human Resources in the Trucking Industry, in the Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1991, pp. 301-308.

Toms, D. B. Highway User Charges: Are Truckers Paying Their Way?, in the Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1991, pp. 111-125.

Examines current highway costs and user charges for primary and secondary highways in the province of Ontario. Three traffic levels are considered for each road class. Cost recovery ratios are calculated for common truck configurations considering both incremental and total costs.

Toms, D. B. Success Strategies for Truckload Carriers, in the Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum, Canadian Transportation : Competing in a Global Context, Banff, Alberta, June 9 to 12, 1992. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1992, pp. 66-79.

Examines strategic issues faced by truckload motor carriers. It concentrates on three areas : trends affecting the structure of the industry; implications for specific industry segments; and identification of strategies that are likely to be effective.

Transport Canada Road Safety Division. Driving Behaviour and Characteristics of Heavy Duty Truck Operators in Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate, 1987, 15p.

A survey of heavy truck operators was conducted in 1986 at eleven weigh scales across seven provinces. A total of 1509 drivers were interviewed.

Trimac Consulting Services Ltd. Comparative Cost Differentials between Canada and U.S. Based Inter-City Trucking Operations. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Motor Carrier Branch, 1987.

Trimac Consulting Services Ltd. Owner Operator Costs and Earnings Comparison in Canada/U.S. Transborder Trucking: Final Study Report. Ottawa: Minister of Transport. Task Force on Trucking Issues, 1991, 21p.

Trimac Consulting Services. Comparison of Canadian and U.S. Trucking Costs in Transborder Markets : Final Study Report. Minister of Transport. Task Force on Trucking Issues, 1991, 29p.

Documents findings from Trimac Consulting Services' recent investigations of transborder operating cost differences between firms domiciled in each of the two countries.

Trimac Consulting Services. Owner Operator Costs and Earnings Comparison in Canada/U.S. Transborder Trucking: Final Study Report : Technical Appendix: Owner-Operator Cases. Minister of Transport. Task Force on Trucking Issues, 1991.

Vespa, S. and R. F. Webb. Trends in Heavy-Duty Vehicles and Their Fuels, in the Proceedings of the 1991 Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, September 15-19, 1991. Ottawa: Transportation Association of Canada, 1991, 14p.

Wei, V. H. Rate Structure of Canadian For-Hire Trucking : Effects of Economic Regulation. Canadian Transport Commission. Research Branch, 1983.

General References: Trucks (including taxation and pavement performance)

Agarwal, A. C. Vehicle Weight Regulations Across Canada: a Technical Review with Respect to the Capacity of Highway Systems. Downsview : Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Research and Development Division, 1978, 11p.

This report was originally published for presentation to the RTAC Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Committee, Spring Session, Toronto, March 1978.

Agarwal, A. and B. R. Davis. Bridge Evaluation for Vehicle Weight Regulations Across Canada. Ontario: Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Research and Development Division, 1980.

Berthiaume, C. A Study of Active Suspensions for Heavy Vehicles. Montreal, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1987, 82p.

Billing, J., Clayton, A. and F. Nix. Truck Weight and Dimension Regulations and Containers, in the Proceedings of the 1990 Annual Conference of the Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland, September 23-27, 1990, Volume 4. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1990, pp. C29-C53.

Investigates the relationship between containers and truck size and weight regulations in Canada.

Billing, J. R. and M. E. Wolkowicz. Stability of Truck Combinations. Ontario: Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Transportation Technology and Energy Branch, 1984.

Christison, J. T. Evaluation of the Effects of Axle Loads on Pavement from In-Situ Strain and Deflection Measurements. Edmonton: Alberta Research Council. Transportation and Surface Water Engineering Division, 1978, 85p.

Clayton, A. Heavy Vehicle Fuel Consumption in Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Energy Planning Directorate, 1984.

Clayton, A. M., Lansdown, A., Thom, R. and J. Wyatt. Truck Weight Distributions as a Function of Weight Limits : Western Canada Experience, in the Developments in Short and Medium Span Bridge Engineering '90. Papers presented at the Third International Conference on Short and Medium Span Bridges Held in Toronto, Ontario, August 7-10, 1990, Volume 1. Montreal: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, 1990, pp. 569-578.

Presents models for predicting distributions of the gross vehicle weight (GVW) of some of the most common truck types operating on Western Canadian highways.

Csagoly, P. F. and R. A. Dorton. Truck Weights and Bridge Design Loads in Canada. Ontario: Ministry of Transportation and Communications, 1978.

Dunn,T. R. Study of the Effect of Road Roughness on Truck Tire Rolling Resistance. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate, 1988, 72p.

Evaluates the feasibility of using the truck tire rolling resistance (ttrr) machine for monitoring road roughness.

Expert Systems and Heavy Trucks: Feasibility Study. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada. Council on Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 1988.

The Fuel-Saving Potential of Road Speed Governors on Commercial Trucks. Winnipeg, Canada: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1985.

Hutchinson, B. G. The Impact of Large Trucks in Urban Areas. Waterloo: University of Waterloo, 1987, 55p.

Hutchinson, B. and P. Meyer. Intermodal Truck-Rail Weight and Dimension Compatibility Requirements. Waterloo: University of Waterloo Transport Group, 1987, 26p.

Examines the truck-rail weight and dimension compatibility requirements for the intermodal services offered by the railway companies of Canada, which consist of both trailer-on-flat-car (tofc) and container-on-flat-car (cofc).

Hutchinson, B. G. and D. J. Parker. Large Truck Braking at Signalized Intersections. Downsview: Ontario: Ministry of Transportation, 1988, 71p.

Simplified braking models were used to analyze the braking distances, braking efficiencies and traffic signal clearance times for a range of truck types operating at a variety of speeds under different loading conditions on pavements with various skid resistances.

LeBlanc, P. A. and J .H. F. Woodrooffe. Heavy Vehicle Suspension Variations Affecting Road Life. Ottawa, Canada: National Research Council of Canada, 1987, 25p.

Liba,C. J. Comparative Taxes and Trucking Competition, in the Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum, Canadian Transportation : Competing in a Global Context, Banff, Alberta, June 9 to 12, 1992. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1992, pp. 80-91.

Macdonald, R. and W. Mercer. Axle Load Distribution Characteristics of a Triple-Axle Truck Suspension System. Ontario: Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Transportation Technology and Energy Branch, 1985.

Navin, F. P. D. Road Vehicles on Bridges. National Research Council Canada, 1982.

Overlength Truck Combinations Report: a Traffic Operation and Performance Evaluation of Overlength Truck Combinations. Edmonton, Alberta: Department of Transportation and Utilities. Transportation Safety Branch, 1985, 40p.

Snelgrove, F. B. The Fuel Economy, Stability and Pavement Effects of the Wide Base Radial Tire. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Research and Development Branch, 1980, 68p.

A Study of Heavy Vehicle Braking System Regulations in Europe ECE 13, United States FMVSS-121, Australia 35A-38, and Canada CMVSS 121. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986, 81p.

Working paper subject to revision.

General References: Trucks (Canadian Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study)

Barton, R. and N. A. Irwin. Economics of Truck Sizes and Weights in Canada. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1987, 70p.

Bedard, J. T. Vehicle Rollover Threshold Evaluation. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 12. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986.

Billing, J. R. Demonstration Test Program: Summary of Tests of Baseline Vehicle Performance. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 3. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986.

Billing, J. R. Demonstration Test Program : Five, Six and Seven Axle Tractor Semitrailers. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 4. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986.

Billing, J. R. Comparison of Simulation and Tests of Baseline and Tractor Semitrailer Vehicles. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 5. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986.

Billing, J. R. Hitch Slack and Drawbar Length Effects on C-TRAIN Stability and Handling. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 6. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986.

Christison, J.T. Pavement Response to Heavy Vehicle Test Program : Part 1 : Data Summary Report. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 8. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986.

Christison, J.T. Pavement Response to Heavy Vehicle Test Program : Part 2 : Load Equivalency Factors. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 9. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986.

Christison, J. T. and J. H. F. Woodrooffe. Pavements Response To Bump Induced Axle Loads. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no.10. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986, 15p.

Delisle, G. and J. R. Pearson. Investigating Articulated Vehicle Roll Stability Using a Tilt Table Device. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 7. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986.

DSL Consultants Limited. A Study on the Effect of Variations in Truck Weights and Dimensions on Vehicle Stability and Control Characteristics and Pavement Loadings: Final Report. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1982.

El-Gindy, M. and D. J. Wong. Comparison of Various Computer Simulation Models for Predicting the Lateral Dynamic Behaviour of Articulated Vehicles. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 16. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986.

Ervin, R. D. A Survey of the Characteristics of Equipment in the Canadian Trucking Fleet. Interim Report no. 1. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1984.

Ervin, R. D. and Yguy. Influence of Weights and Dimensions on the Stability and Control of Heavy Trucks in Canada: Part 1 Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 1. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986.

Gagne, R. and T. Stock. Graphic Presentation of Heavy Vehicle Computer Simulation Model Output : a 3-D Animation Package for Computer Models. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 15. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986.

Leblanc, P. A., Lepiane, K. R. and J. H. F. Woodrooffe. Effects of Suspension Variations on the Dynamic Wheel Loads of a Heavy Articulated Highway Vehicle. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 11. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1986.

Pearson, J. Pavement Strain and Deflection under Truck Axle Loadings: Research Program Description. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Interim Technical Report no. 02. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1985.

Pearson, J. R. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study: Technical Steering Committee report. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Steering Committee Canroad Transportation Research Corporation, 1986. ix, 57p.

Pearson, J. and J. Y. Wong. Computer Simulation of Heavy Vehicle Dynamic Behaviour: Users Guide to the UMTRI Models. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Interim Technical Report no. 3. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1985

Pearson, J. R. Summary of Weight and Dimension Regulations for Interprovincial Operations Resulting from the Memorandum of Understanding on Interprovincial Weights and Dimensions. Ottawa: Roads And Transportation Association of Canada, 1989, 51p.

In February 1988, the Canadian Council of Ministers of Transportation and Highway Safety endorsed a Memorandum of Understanding designed to improve the uniformity of regulations covering weights and dimensions of commercial vehicles operating between provinces and territories on a nationwide highway system. Under the terms of this M.O.U., each of the provinces and territories will permit vehicles which comply with the appropriate weights and dimensions specifications documented in section 1 of this report to travel on a designated system of highways in their jurisdiction. It should be recognized that each jurisdiction continues to retain the authority to allow more liberal weights and dimensions or different types of vehicles configurations for trucking operations within their jurisdiction. This document details the size and weight limits contained in the M.O.U., and indicates each case where a more liberal specification is permitted by a particular province or territory.

Roads and Transportation Association of Canada. The Memorandum of Understanding on Interprovincial Vehicle Weights and Dimensions : Summary Information. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1988, 27p.

Roads and Transportation Association of Canada. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions : Bridge Capacity Study. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Project Committee, 1980.

Sankar, S. Heavy Vehicle Braking Systems: a Review of Available Hardware and Control Systems. Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Technical Report no. 13. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association Of Canada, 1986, 211p.

Walker, H. K. and J. R. Pearson. Recommended Regulatory Principles for Interprovincial Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions (revised). Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1987, 46p.

General References: Trucks (Canadian Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study)- Other Related Reports

Billing, J. R. Discussion Paper for CCMTA/RTAC Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study Implementation Committee. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Transportation Technology and Energy Branch, 1986, 12p.

Billing, J. R. Factors that May Affect Future Truck Configurations for North America: Roads to the 21st Century: a Key to Competitiveness, in the Proceedings, International Road Federation Conference and Exposition, Cosponsored by the Transportation Association of Canada, Calgary, Alberta, July 3-7, 1994, Volume 5. Ottawa: Transportation Association of Canada, 1994, pp. C59-C70.

Traces the principal changes that have affected truck configuration in North America since the advent of the modern truck and the modern highway in the 1950's and 1960's. It attempts to identify factors, such as free trade and changes in freight flows, U.S. and Mexican regulatory changes, vehicle technology and others, which may determine truck configurations and trucking productivity for the future, and discusses possible outcomes from some combinations of these factors.

Bisson, B. G., Clayton, A. M., Nix, F. P. and G. A. Sparks. Study of Vehicle Weight and Dimension Regulations and Canada's Trucking Industry: Case Histories. Montreal, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1986, 183p.

Over forty case studies are presented to demonstrate the controlling influence of the various provincial vehicle weight and dimension regulations on the composition of truck fleets in Canada.

Bisson, B. G.,Clayton, A. M. and F. P. Nix. Vehicle Weight and Dimension Regulations and Canada's Trucking Industry : the Regulations. Montreal, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1987, 93p.

A comparative analysis of the regulations controlling the size and weight of trucks in each Canadian province and territory is presented.

Clayton, A. and E. Fekpe. Model for Trucking Productivity Analysis of Alternative Weight Limits : Roads to the 21st Century : a Key to Competitiveness, in the Proceedings, International Road Federation Conference and Exposition, Cosponsored by the Transportation Association of Canada, Calgary, Alberta, July 3-7, 1994, Volume 5. Ottawa: Transportation Association of Canada, 1994, pp. C15-C36.

Vehicle weight and dimension (VWD) regulations are intended to balance the economic benefits of efficient freight transportation against the costs that large trucks can impose on transport infrastructure. This paper presents models to predict the equivalent pavement loads (a measure of the "cost") per unit payload (a measure of the "benefit") as a function of the gross vehicle weight limit and the intensity of enforcement for the common heavy truck types.

Dynamic Weigh in Motion Scales. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada. Project Committee on Dynamic Weigh-in Motion Scales, 1981.

Nix, F. P. Study of Vehicle Weight and Dimension Regulations and Canada's Trucking Industry : Background Paper #2 ; Previous Research. Montreal, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1985, 35p.

Nix, F. P. Study of Vehicle Weight and Dimension Regulations and Canada's Trucking Industry : Background Paper # 4 : Analysis of Registration and Road-Side Survey Data. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1986. 99p.

Nix, F. P. Vehicle Weight and Dimension Regulations and Canada's Trucking Industry: Final Report. Montreal, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1987, 97p.

This study attempts to put together an understanding of how the twelve sets of weight and dimension regulations in Canada work, where the major differences are, and what the implications are. The report describes the impact of the regulations in terms of how they affect the design of truck combinations, how the vehicles that result affect trucking costs and rates, how the different regulations have affected the characteristics of truck fleets in various parts of the country, and how individual operators make decisions in terms of their own operations.

Nix, F. P. Impact of RTAC Regulations on Trucking in Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Research and Development Directorate, 1988, 35p.

Provides an estimate of the expected impact of the uniform Canadian truck size and weight regulations which resulted from the RTAC heavy vehicle weights and dimensions study. The impact analysis has taken into account configuration choice, freight density, major region to region and intraregion traffic. Resulting payload handling characteristics, trucking costs and rates have been projected, based on specific assumptions about other factors.

Roads and Transportation Association of Canada. International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions : June 8-13, 1986. Kelowna, British Columbia Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1989, 456p.

Roads and Transportation Association of Canada. Second International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions, June 18-22, 1989, Kelowna, British Columbia: Program and Abstracts. Ottawa: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, 1989.

Suleiman, N. and A. Varma. NAFTA and Truck Configurations: a Framework for Assessments, in the Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : Transport Gateways and Trade Corridors, Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 26-29, 1996, Volume 2. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1996, pp. 647-661.

Focuses on the issue of harmonization of truck size and weight and configurations. The paper discusses the issues involved in developing a framework for identifying and assessing the configuration that would be most appropriate in the post-NAFTA environment. The framework should include consideration of trade, economy, carriers' and shippers' costs and productivity, transportation agency costs, safety, pavement damage, bridge impacts, cost recovery, intermodal shifts and arrangement, and other concerns. Such a framework could be used to identify the conflicting concerns and the tradeoffs that may exist.

Sparks, G. A. A Study of Vehicle Weight and Dimension Regulations and Canada's Trucking Industry : Background Paper # 5 : Productivity/Operational Implications of Vehicle Weight and Dimension Regulations. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1986, 140p.

Leblanc, P. A. and J. H. F. Woodrooffe. Suspensions and Vehicle Stability as Determined by the Canadian Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions Study. Ottawa, Canada: National Research Council of Canada, 1987, 13p.

Summarizes suspension parameters, stability measures, and the effect of parameter variations on static rollover threshold. In descending order of influence, these factors include: 1) centre of gravity height, 2) trailer axle width, 3) tractor suspension type, 4) trailer suspension type, 5) fifth wheel vertical slack, and 6) tire choice.

General References: Safety

Angus Reid Group. Canadians' Attitudes toward Trucking Safety on Highways : Final Report. Canadians for Responsible and Safe Highways, 1996.

Highlights the results of a National Angus Reid Poll conducted for Canadians for Responsible and Safe Highways (CRASH), to determine Canadians' attitudes toward trucking safety on highways. A total of 1,516 interviews were conducted by telephone, between September 20 and September 29, 1996, among a representative cross-section of Canadian adults, 18 years of age or older. Results were weighted by age and gender to accurately reflect the Canadian population.

Angus Reid Group Inc. Canadians' Attitudes toward Trucking Safety on Highways : Final Report. Ottawa: Canadians for Responsible and Safe Highways, 1998, 67p.

Highlights the results of a National Angus Reid Poll conducted for Canadians for Responsible and Safe Highways (CRASH) to determine Canadians' attitudes toward trucking safety on highways.

Barton, R., Bergeron, J., Tardif, L. P. and G. Wilde. Incentive Programs for Enhancing Truck Safety and Productivity: a Canadian Perspective. Montreal, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1998, 52p.

Barton, R., Bergeron, J., Tardif, L. P. and G. Wilde. How to Implement Incentive Programs for Safety and Productivity Guidelines for Transport Fleets : Pilot Testing Version. Montreal, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1999, 44p.

A 1998 Canada Safety Council study (funded by TDC) identified a need for information to help fleets ensure the success of their incentive programs. This manual was subsequently developed as a practical guide to help trucking companies develop, administer, and evaluate incentive programs.

Billing, J. R., Cann,. W. and W. R. J. Mercer. A Proposal for Research to Provide Technical Basis for a Revised National Standard on Load Security for Heavy Trucks. Downsview: Ontario. Ministry of Transportation. Transportation Technology and Energy Branch, 1993, 133p.

Ongoing work to draft a National Safety Code Standard for load security fo heavy trucks has identified a need for research into the mechanics of load security systems. Extensive consultations found specific needs related to the fundamentals of anchor points for tiedowns, blocking and friction and related to the specific characteristics of commodities like dressed lumber, metal coils, and a range of others. This report identifies the load security issues needing research, and describes a program of work to address them, based almost entirely on testing of loads. The results of the tests will be presented in plain language as principles that could be used as a basis for development of the load security standard.

Brown, W. J. Interaction between Extended Duty Hours and Circadian Rhythms : Consequent Effects on Long Haul Driver Alertness and Performance, in the Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum: Going the Distance, Victoria, British Columbia, May 15-18, 1994. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1994, pp. 532-547.

A major Canadian rail disaster in 1986 resulted in the loss of 26 lives and $30 million in property damage. The investigation demonstrated that severe disruptions to the engineer's circadian rhythms caused by erratic schedules and extended duty hours impaired engineer performance resulting in the rail disaster. This finding is supported by GAO studies (1992; 1993) on rail safety which showed similar results. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether the work/rest patterns of long haul truck drivers are similar to those of train engineers and the consequences for safety in the trucking industry.

Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators. National Safety Code for Motor Carriers. Ottawa: Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators, 1988.

Chaumel, J-L. Road Accidents Involving Long-Distance Heavy Trucks. Rimouski: Centre d'intervention et de recherche pour l'amelioration des situations de travail de l'Universite du Quebec a Rimouski, 1986, 75p.

The objective of this study was to identify the principal causes of accidents involving heavy trucks and the road safety risks for these vehicles in the eastern Quebec region. The main research involved bibliographic study, analysis of available accident statistics and observations taken on board trucks during actual driving conditions.

Comeau,J. L. and B. Hendrick. Transport Canada Heavy Freight Vehicle Study, in the Proceedings of the Canadian Multidisciplinary Road Safety Conference IX, Montreal, Quebec, May 28-31, 1995. Montreal: Universite de Montreal. Laboratoire sur la securite des transports. Centre de recherche sur les transports, 1995, pp. 407-16.

In March of 1991 Transport Canada's collision investigation branch launched a six month field study of heavy freight vehicle collisions in eastern Ontario. Sixteen heavy freight vehicle collisions were investigated. This paper focuses solely on the performance and the safety issues related to the tractor trailer units. Particular emphasis is given to the cases which led to the proposal for a new Canadian motor vehicle safety standard, CMVSS 905 trailer load security and its relation to truck stability

Commercial Vehicle Safety in Canada: Report to Parliament for the Year 1989 = Sécurité des véhicules commerciaux au Canada: rapport présenté au parlement pour l'année 1989. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Policy and Coordination Group. Motor Carrier Branch = Canada. Transports Canada. Groupe des politiques et de la coordination. Direction des transports routiers, 1989, 29p.

The federal Minister of Transport's annual report to the Canadian Parliament on the progress of the implementation of the National Safety Code concerning truck and bus safety operations, and on statistical information respecting trends in highway accidents involving truck and bus operations.

Commercial Vehicle Safety in Canada: Report to Parliament for the Year 1990. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Motor Carrier Policy and Programs, 1990, 21p.

The federal Minister of Transport's annual report to the Canadian Parliament on the progress of the implementation of the National Safety Code concerning truck and bus safety operations, and on statistical information respecting trends in highway accidents involving truck and bus operations.

Commercial Vehicle Safety in Canada: Fifth Annual Report to Parliament. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada. Road Safety Directorate. Safety And Security, 1997, 65p.

The federal Minister of Transport's annual report to the Canadian Parliament on the progress of the implementation of the National Safety Code concerning commercial vehicle safety operations, and on statistical information respecting trends in highway accidents involving truck and bus operations.

Delaquis, M. and F. P. Nix. Controlling Highway Safety - Commercial Driver Qualifications, in the Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : Transport Gateways and Trade Corridors, Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 26-29, 1996, Volume 2. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1996, pp. 792-807.

Heavy Trucks and Transportation of Dangerous Goods : Canadian Multidisciplinary Road Safety Conference VIII : June 14-16, 1993, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan : Proceedings. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan, 1993.

Papers presented at the session were as follows: Accident and exposure rates for New Brunswick-domiciled motor carriers (Rajani,P and Wilson,FR); Side impacts into tractor-trailers at night : visibility and driver training issues (Mortimer,R); Road vehicle dynamics of tandem - axle road trucks (Esmialzadeh,E, Behravesh,AH, Mobasher,A and Taghirad,HR); On road truck inspection program in Saskatchewan based on the CVSA standards (Popoff,AJ and Meed,J).

Henderson, S., ed. Proceedings of the Fatigue in Transportation Workshop: Multimodal Issues and Solutions, Ottawa, Ontario, October 15 & 16, 1998. Montreal, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1999, 263p.

Contains the presentations given at the Fatigue in Transportation Workshop held in Ottawa, 15-16 October 1998. The workshop was organized by the Transportation Development Centre and co-sponsored by the Road Safety Directorate of Transport Canada, the Canada Safety Council, and the Railway Association of Canada. The presentations cover a broad range of issues related to fatigue in all transportation modes. Summaries are provided in both official languages.

Little, G. Truck Safety Perception and Reality, in the Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum : Transport Gateways and Trade Corridors, Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 26-29, 1996, Volume 2. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, 1996, pp. 762-775.

Examines the public perception of the safety of large trucks, how this perception matches reality, and what steps might be taken to address those perceptions in the context of a truck safety program.

Mackie, R. R., et al. Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue and Alertness Study : Technical Summary. Montreal, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1996, 59p.

This is the Technical Summary of the research report Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue and Alertness Study by Wylie et al., dated October 1996, concerning the largest and most comprehensive over-the-road study on this subject ever conducted in North America. The data collection involved eighty drivers in the U.S. and Canada who were monitored over a period of sixteen weeks.

Mackie, R. R., et al. Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue and Alertness Study. Montreal, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1996.

This is the full final report on the largest and most comprehensive over-the-road study of commercial motor vehicle driver fatigue ever conducted in North America. The data collection involved eighty drivers in the U.S. and Canada who were monitored over a period of sixteen weeks.

The National Safety Code for Commercial Trucks and Buses. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada, 1988?, 16p.

Preston-Thomas, J. and J. Woodrooffe. A Feasibility Study of a Rollover Warning Device for Heavy Trucks. Montreal, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1990, 34p.

Assesses the technical feasibility of a device that would warn the operators of heavy trucks of incipient rollover.

Report Card on Big Truck Safety by Province. Ottawa: Canadians for Responsible and Safe Highways, 1999, 16p.

The purpose of this report card is to encourage provinces to upgrade, rather than downgrade, safety regulations and enforcement. On average, each year in Canada there are about 43,000 collisions involving big trucks that kill or injure 12,000 people. Truck safety is particularly important because these big vehicles share public roads and streets with more vulnerable road users - pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, bus riders and motorists. This report card rates each of Canada's provinces and territories in terms of trucking safety performance and results.

Sanderson, R. W. The Need for Cost-Effective Guidelines to Enhance Truck Safety : Cost Effectiveness through Innovation, in the Proceedings of the 1996 TAC Annual Conference, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, October 6-9, 1996. Ottawa: Transportation Association of Canada, 1996.

Discusses the findings of the study "The Effect of Vehicle Length on Traffic on Canadian Two-Lane, Two-Way Roads, carried out for the Transportation Association of Canada (TAC), along with other research completed since the time of the report, identifying the critical issues relating to truck dimensions and performance effects on traffic operation and geometric design. Although the Memorandum of Understanding signed by all Ministers of Transportation in 1991 establishes limits of weights, dimensions and performance for long trucks, current geometric design and traffic operation guidelines are primarily based on passenger cars from the 1940's and 1950's. Both Canadian Manuals need to be updated to reflect current vehicle dimensions and performance characteristics, including trucks, and cost-effective guidelines developed for when trucks should be used as design vehicles.

Straight Talk on Fatigue and Alertness. Ottawa: Canadian Trucking Association, 1996, 25p.

This booklet is intended to provide drivers, safety personnel and trucking company managers with: a basic overview of fatigue; its causes and effects; some of the research findings to date; and tools and tips to help drivers maintain their alertness. Driver fatigue is a complex issue, and the purpose of this publication is to serve as an introduction.

Truck Safety: Perceptions and Reality. Waterloo: University of Waterloo. The Institute for Risk Research, 1996, vii, 427p.

The Conference on Truck Safety: Perceptions and Reality was convened to identify the key issues affecting truck safety and to lay the basis for a workable plan of action that reflects the views and interest of the various stakeholders, including carriers, shippers, inspectors, law enforcement officials, insurers, regulators, manufacturers, researchers and the public.

Trucks: Proceedings of the Canadian Multidisciplinary Road Safety Conference VII, Vancouver, British Columbia, June 17-19, 1991. Vancouver: UBC Accident Research Team, Department of Civil Engineering, 1991, pp. 300-362.

Papers presented at this session include the following: Truck performance standards and relationships between truck and highway characteristics (Billing,JR); Brake overheating versus out-of-adjustment conditions in large truck downhill accident reconstruction (Hull,WC and Newton,BE); Reliability analysis of truck braking (Navin,FPD); Micro-level analysis of large truck manoeuvres and causes (Saccomanno,FF and Read,SW); Evaluation of antilock brake system technology for B-train double tanker vehicles (Vespa,S, Jacques,D, Billing,JR and Wolkowicz,M); Directional performance of a log hauling truck (Zadeh,EE and Tabarrok,B).

Wilde, G. Improving Trucking Safety and Profitability through Safety Incentive Schemes. Montreal, Canada: Transport Canada. Transportation Development Centre, 1995, 42p.

The current state of knowledge concerning the effects of incentives for safety in industrial settings and in road traffic is applied to the specific purpose of enhancing the safety of long-haul trucking in Canada. Mobility and accident statistics pertaining to recent years in the U.S. and Canada are reviewed. Attention is drawn to the important distinction between incentives for specific behaviours (such as using safety equipment, sobriety, or obeying the speed limit) and incentives for successful avoidance of accidents of their own fault. The disadvantages of the use of disincentives (punishments) as compared to positive incentives (rewards) are also pointed out. The available evidence on factors that enhance the effectiveness of incentive schemes is scrutinized. The report includes a checklist of the requirements for maximally effective incentive programs for accident-free operation according to the present state-of-the-art. The issues of benefit-cost ratios of incentive programs and of the possible desirable and undesirable side-effects of their implementation are also discussed.

General References: Web Sites

Alberta Motor Transport Association
http://www.albertatrucking.com

Association du camionage du Québec
http://www.carrefour-acq.org

British Columbia Trucking Association
http://www.bctrucking.com/

Canadian Association of Supply Chain & Logistics Management
http://www.infochain.org

Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators/ Conseil canadien des administrateurs en transport motorisé
http://www.ccmta.ca

Canadian International Freight Forwarders Association
http://www.ciffa.com

Canadian Trucking Alliance
http://www.cantruck.com/flash.html

Canadian Trucking Human Resource Council
http://www.cthrc.com

Canadian Transportation Equipment Association
http://www.ctea.on.ca

Com-Car Owner Operators' Association
http://www.com-car.com

Freight Carrier Association of Canada
http://www.fca-natc.org

The Manitoba Trucking Association
http://www.trucking.mb.ca

Ontario Trucking Association
http://www.ontruck.org

The Private Motor Truck Council
http://www.pmtc.ca

Saskatchewan Trucking Association
http://www.sasktrucking.com

Transportation Association of Canada
http://www.tac-atc.ca