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APPENDIX E: Endnotes

1. Five-Year ITS Program Plan (2006 Program Plan). Available at: http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/14289.htm.

2. SAFETEA-LU, Public Law 109-59, Section 5301, available at: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ059.109.pdf.

3. Levels of funding under ISTEA can be found at: http://www.its.dot.gov/faqs.htm and http://www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm?index=16&type=0&sequence=2.

4. Available at: http://www.its.dot.gov/about.htm.

5. Available at: http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/its_arch_imp/policy.htm.

6. Available at: http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/14153.htm.

7. Levels of SAFETEA-LU funding can be found at: http://www.its.dot.gov/about.htm and http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/safetea-lu_authorizations.pdf.

8. Norman Y. Mineta Research and Special Programs Improvement Act, available at: http://www.rita.dot.gov/laws_and_regulations/public_law_108_426.html.

9. Norman Y. Mineta Research and Special Programs Improvement Act, available at: http://www.rita.dot.gov/laws_and_regulations/public_law_108_426.html.

10. Subject to the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) (5 U.S. C. App. 2), available at: http://www.gsa.gov/gsa/cm_attachments/GSA_BASIC/without_annotations_R2G-b4T_0Z5RDZ-i34K-pR.pdf.
Requirement in SAFETEA-LU, Section 5305(h), available at: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ059.109.pdf, page 1807.

11. SAFETEA-LU, Section 5305(h), available at: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ059.109.pdf, page 1808.

12. SAFETEA-LU, Section 5305(h), available at: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ059.109.pdf, page 1810.

13. TEA-21, Public Law 105.178, Section 5208, available at: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tea21/h2400-v.htm#5208.

14. TEA-21, Section 5209, available at: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tea21/h2400-v.htm#5209.

15. TEA-21, Title V, Subtitle A, available at: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tea21/tea21.pdf. Statistics on the number of projects and funding levels obtained through FHWA, Office of Operations.

16. Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University. The 2007 Urban Mobility Report, September 2007. Available at: http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility_report_2007_wappx.pdf.

17.National Strategy to Reduce Congestion, FHWA Operations and Technology, available at: http://www.oti.dot.gov/.

18.NCSA, FARS 1997-2005 (Final), 2006 (ARF), FHWA, available at: http://www.dot.gov/affairs/ruralsafety/ruralsafetyinitiativeplan.htm#_ftn1.

19. RITA. Transportation Research, Development and Technology Strategic Plan 2006-2010, November 2006. Available at: http://www.rita.dot.gov/publications/transportation_rd_t_strategic_plan/

20. ITS Benefits, Costs, Deployment Trends, and Lessons Learned. August 2008. http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/14412.htm.

21. Statistics obtained from: http://www.itsdeployment.its.dot.gov.

22. All Enhanced Information Sharing resources can be found at: http://www.its.dot.gov/its_publicsafety/infosharing.htm.

23. More information on the value of sharing data and assets can be found at: http://www.iacptechnology.org/LEIM/2007Presentations/ITS_Public_Safety_Info_Exchange_Balles.pdf.

24.All Evacuation Management and Operations resources can be found at: http://www.its.dot.gov/its_publicsafety/evacuation.htm.

25. All Transportation Operations During Biohazard Situations resources can be found at: http://www.its.dot.gov/its_publicsafety/Biohazard.htm.

26. Crash statistics can be found at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811034.pdf.

27. VII POC Applications Concept of Operations, Version 1.4, January 2007; VII POC DSRC Message Sets, September 07, 2007; NHTSA Presentation.

28. Announcement can be found at: http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/News_Releases/1999/nret9006.html.

29. Definitions of 2G, 3G, and 4G can be found at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G or http://www.phoneplusmag.com/articles/07febwireless3.html

30. Andrew P. Sage, "System of Systems: Architecture Based Systems Design and Integration," Keynote Address, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybermetics, 2005.

31. Intersection crash statistics can be found at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/TSF2006FE.pdf.

32. Crash scenarios can be found at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/departments/nrd-12/pubs_rev.html.

33. Statistics can be found within: Najm, Wassim; John D. Smith, Mikio Yanagisawa. 2007. "Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research," John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA. Sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., April 2007, DOT VNTSC-NHTSA-06-02, DOT HS 810 767. Located at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-12/Pre-Crash%20Scenario%20Typology%20-%20Final%20PDF%20Version%205-2-07.pdf. Further statistics can be found at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/departments/nrd-12/809-779/pages/TOC.htm.

34. Chovan, J.D., L. Tijerina, J.A. Pierowicz, and D.L. Hendricks. 1994. "Examination of Unsignalized Intersection Straight Crossing Path Crashes and Potential Countermeasures" (DOT HS-808-152). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Cambridge, MA.

35. Statistics can be found at: http://www.signalsystems.org.vt.edu/documents/July2007AnnualMeeting/Presentations/JimMisner_VIICalifornia_TRB0707.pdf.

36. Statistics can be found at: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/PDFs/Crash%20Avoidance/2008/810952Lo.pdf and http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-12/PerMIS06_Ference-Szabo-Najm.pdf.

37. Breakdown of crash-types can be found at: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/PDFs/Crash%20Avoidance/2008/810952Lo.pdf

38. Ragland, David and Alexsandr Zabyshny, 2003. "False Alarms and Human-Machine Warning Systems," University of California, Berkeley Traffic Safety Center, UCB TSC 2003 07.

39. This extension was necessary to allow for additional verification testing to be performed, as well as to provide the team with further time to complete several Phase I deliverables.

40. Transportation Research Board, 2004. "Where the Weather Meets the Road: A Research Agenda for Improving Road Weather Services." Available at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10893 and http://ags.ou.edu/~jsnow/present/Road%20Wx%20Report%20-%20IIPS%20presentation.ppt. Further statistics available at: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/resources/publications/fhwa/clarusflyer2007.pdf and at: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/q1_roadimpact.htm.

41. Approximately 80 corridors have been identified as "high priority" through a series of major highway bills passed over the past two decades. Information can be found at: http://www.aaroads.com/high-priority. Statistics on congestion can be found at: http://www.its.dot.gov/icms/docs/cs_over_final.pdf.

42. As discussed earlier under Emergency Transportation Operations, Section 3.1.2 of this report, macro models can illustrate regional changes; micro models provide very precise results on smaller aspects of a network (such as changes in congestion around a specific interchange); and meso models fall in between, generally representing regional roadway links but not at the level of individual lanes. See page 40 of the ETO section.

43. Government Accountability Office. "Transportation Disadvantaged Populations: Some Coordination Efforts Among Programs Providing Transportation Services, but Obstacles Persist," June 2003, GAO-03-697. Report available at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03697.pdf.

44. Information can be found at: http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/08jan/04.htm and at: http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/14169_files/toc.htm.

45. Congestion information can be found at: http://www.its.dot.gov/icms/docs/cs_over_final.pdf and from: Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University. The 2007 Urban Mobility Report, September 2007. Available at: http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility_report_2007_wappx.pdf.

46. NCSA, FARS 1997-2005 (Final), 2006 (ARF), FHWA. Available at: http://www.dot.gov/affairs/ruralsafety/ruralsafetyinitiativeplan.htm#_ftn1.

47. All reports available at: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/511/resources/publications/publications.htm.

48. More information on 511 deployment status can be found at: http://www.deploy511.org/deployment-stats.html.

49. See Appendix C for a full list of states with 511 systems.

50. Federal Transit Administration, 2008. Profiles of Traveler Information. Report available at: http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/2008_511_Profiles.pdf.

51. 511 Deployment Coalition Guidelines are available at: http://www.deploy511.org/guidelines.html.

52. SAFETEA-LU, Section 4126.

53. Statistics and other information on growth can be found at: http://www.outreach.psu.edu/programs/transportation/files/5C_Julie_Lane.pdf.

54. The estimated number of crashes avoided is based on the assumption that crashes are avoided when vehicles and drivers with safety violations are placed out-of-service.

55. Quote from the Coalition’s Mission and Strategies at: http://www.i95coalition.net/i95/Home/WhatistheCoalition/MissionStrategies/tabid/114/Default.aspx.

56. Cost statistics can be found at: http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/q1_roadimpact.htm.

57. Information on the Maine MDSS case study can be found at: http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/14387.htm.

58. "Last mile" refers to the delivery of the final leg of a communication network from a service provider to a customer.

59. Government Accountability Office, 2006. Broadband Deployment is Extensive throughout the United States, but it is Difficult to Assess the Extent of Deployment Gaps in Rural Areas, GAO-06-426. Report can be found at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06426.pdf.

60. In 2009, the collection will join the National Transportation Library. This will increase public access to the Federal collection, while at the same time reducing costs. The current Electronic Document Library can be found at: http://www.its.dot.gov/library.htm.

61. Available at: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/its_arch_imp/policy_1.htm.

62. Available at: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/its_arch_imp/policy_2.htm.

63. Systems engineering is a systematic process that directly supports project management throughout the project life cycle, from needs definition to system disposal. It includes technical activities like requirements and design, as swell as project activities like risk management and configuration management. Use of the systems engineering process reduces the risk of schedule and cost overruns and increases the likelihood that the implementation will meet the user’s needs. Other benefits include: improved stakeholder participation; more adaptable, resilient systems; verified functionality and fewer defects; higher levels of reuse from one project to the next; and better documentation.

64. Web-based course descriptions can be found at: http://www.citeconsortium.org and classroom-based course descriptions can be found under the ITS tab at: http://www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov/training/list_catalog.aspx.

65. The report can be found at: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/reports/standards_its_june_2007.pdf.

66. For further information see: http://www.standards.its.dot.gov/news.asp#may08.

67. Both advisories can be found at: http://www.standards.its.dot.gov/advisories.asp.

68. More detailed information can be found at: http://www.standards.its.dot.gov/Learn_Research.asp#emergency.

69. Course descriptions can be found under the ITS tab at: http://www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov/training/list_catalog.aspx.

70. See the definition of the ITS Taxonomy (applications and major components) at: http://www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov/default.asp.

71. The publications can be found at: http://www.its.dot.gov/library.htm.

72. The ITS Program uses feeds from the web-based technology known as RSS (Really Simple Syndication — filename extension: .xml; RSS icon: "x") to provide timely updates of available knowledge resources.

73. The reports can be found at the following addresses:

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