Mn/DOT's GIS Statewide Base Map
Click HERE for graphic.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
- INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
- PROBLEM STATEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
- PROCESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
- GIVENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
- SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
- MATRIX OF OPTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
- CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
- NEXT ISSUES TO ADDRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
- APPENDICES:
Appendix A - Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Appendix B - National Map Accuracy Standards . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
Appendix C - Other State DOTs' Survey Summary. . . . . . . . . . . C-1
Appendix D - Stakeholder Questionnaire Summary . . . . . . . . . . D-1
Appendix E - Quad, Carto, Map Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1
Appendix F - Mn/DOT List of Features Digitized
From USGS Quads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1
Appendix G - Inventory of Existing OT Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1
Appendix H - Road Inventory Cost Breakdowns. . . . . . . . . . . . H-1
Appendix I - Minnesota State Plane and UTM
Coordinate Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1
Minnesota Townships and Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-1
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INTRODUCTION
At the August 27, 1992 meeting of Mn/DOT's Council for Geographic
Information, a GIS base map task force was formed. The task force was
charged to analyze the current 1:24,000 scale (I" =2000 ft., accuracy
is 1150 inch or ñ 40 feet) digital state-wide map being created in the
Cartographic Unit and to make recommendations on how to complete this
effort in a 1« - 2 year time frame. The task force membership chaired
by Todd Smith, consisted of:
Todd Smith - Mn/DOT Office of Information Policy, (612) 296-3741
Denny Brott - Mn/DOT Cartographic Unit, (612) 296-1681
Chris Cialek - Dept. of Admin., Land Management Information Center,
612) 297-2488
Tom Glancy - Mn/DOT Computer Aided Engineering Services Section, (612)
296-4256
Dave Gorg - Mn/DOT Geodetic Unit, (612) 296-5710
Gary Graves - Mn/DOT Transportation Data Section, (612) 296-1671
Mike Marttila - Mn/DOT Surveying & Mapping Section, (612) 296-1077
Keith Slater - Mn/DOT Metro Division Surveys Unit, (612) 593-8464
The base map is one of the most costly components of facilities
management in a GIS environment. As locational accuracy of the
objects, events and information related to Mn/DOT's Transportation
System improves, so must the accuracy and currency of the base map.
Applications developed without the base map in place could result in
rework of the data (locational reference) linking the information to
the base map. The current status of the initial low-resolution base
map (1:24,000 scale) is that it is about 35% complete with appropriate
line codes, level assignments and content. At the current pace within
the Cartographic Unit, completion will be in ten to twelve years. The
goal of the task force is to provide
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recommendations, including construction methods and cost, back to the
GIS Council by December, 1992 on how the digitized base map could be
completed state-wide in 1 1/2 2 years.
One of the responsibilities of the Task Force is to communicate with
Mn/DOT's internal and external stakeholders to assure that their
interests are understood and considered in Mn/DOT's GIS base map
decisions. Issues addressed include: What features go into the base
map? How is the base map going to be developed within the prescribed
time frame and who is going to do it? What computer hardware and
software are needed to access the base map information?
The report was developed over eleven, three hour meetings and
considerable individual work during the period of September 18 through
December 7, 1992. Quality Improvement techniques were used to arrive
at decisions. It was decided to use the "matrix" approach to present
the options, and the pros and cons of each of these options. The
process included questionnaires and telephone interviews with other
State DOTs that have also addressed the GIS base map issue.
Interviews with Mn/DOT's internal and external customers of the base
map were conducted. The report contains questionnaire summaries in
the Appendix. The process used to make the decisions and
recommendations for completion of Mn/DOT's GIS base map are discussed
within this report. The issues that need to be addressed beyond the
scope of this task force are discussed as well.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Mn/DOT customers need a statewide base map for GIS purposes, but
currently there are no coordinated plans to produce one.
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CHARGE
Recommend how Mn/DOT's Council for Geographic Information should
address the creation, content, and implementation of a map for GIS
purposes in Mn/DOT while considering incorporating the existing
efforts and maps already available.
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PROCESS
This task force held its first meeting on September 18, 1992. At this
meeting ground rules were established by which business would be
conducted. The charge from the Council for Geographic Information was
discussed. Karl Olmstead's August 15, 1992 memo highlighting the
recommendations in the Mn/DOT Location Data Standards Group's report
(May, 21, 1992) listed three questions related to the Council's
charge: 1) What is going to be in the base map? 2) How are we going to
develop it? 3) Who should do it? With these items in mind the scope
for this task force was determined. The task force also developed a
partial stakeholder list, reviewed the current status of the 1:24,000
scale map coverage, brainstormed various methods of attaining abase
map (scanning digitizing, GPS van etc.) and discussed other issues
members would like to see addressed. There was considerable
discussion regarding GPS and its role in GIS.
The task force reviewed current map types used within Mn/DOT,
discussed other mapping efforts in Minnesota, and determined that our
base map must be flexible so as to be compatible with others' systems.
In order to get a reading as to what other State DOTs are doing
regarding a base map for GIS purposes a questionnaire was developed
and distributed to over forty states. For those
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states responding that they now have, or are now developing a base
map, a follow up detailed questionnaire was also put together to
gather specific information by phone. The task force also devised a
questionnaire to gather stakeholder information such as map features
required on a base map, where stakeholders obtain needed maps, and
what maps they now use. Members of the Mn/DOT Council for Geographic
Information were asked to conduct these stakeholder telephone
interviews.
Preliminary work began relative to gathering cost information from
internal and external sources. and the task force opened up the
subject of the need for specifications and standards.
The task forces viewed a demonstration of how the Golden Valley Office
is using GIS technology. This effort is in the preliminary stage, but
shows how low resolution maps can be used to index high resolution
maps and other information.
Several documents dealing with data structure, collection standards
and data integration guidelines were reviewed and discussed to provide
background information and a basis for further discussion of
specifications and standards that will be used in producing the base
map.
As other states returned information to Mn/DOT about work being done
on a GIS base map, task force members conducted phone interviews to
gather such information as: What is the map's source materials, scale,
data capture techniques, time to complete, degree of intelligence, who
performed the work, features included, etc. This information
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was valuable and assured that the task force was on the right track.
The task force requested that the Cartographic Unit establish an
average time to: 1) digitize new line work off of 7.5 minute quad
sheets, and 2) "redo" quad sheets that had previously been digitized,
but were not ready for GIS applications. This information was used to
develop cost information to complete the base map for the State.
Considerable time was spent learning about and discussing data tags to
graphics, data modeling, pointers and other requirements that
transform a line map into a graphic data base usable for GIS purposes.
The need for a high resolution base map generated much discussion. It
was determined that this matter was beyond the scope of this task
force. The task force also thought the Council should be aware of
high resolution base map issues. These include scale, the importance
of partnerships, who should be responsible for collecting data, and
that efforts spent on a low resolution base map may not significantly
contribute in the creation of a high resolution map.
Cost information was gathered from three external contractors and from
two internal providers. The task force continued to wrestle with
standards and specifications, and. finally agreed to document the
current process used in Cartographics as a first step in developing
specifications. This task force recommends that another group address
the standards and specifications issues.
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A matrix was developed to clearly show the alternative methods of
obtaining the completed base map. The matrix indicates among, other
things, alternative methods, approximate costs, advantages and
disadvantages, thereby answering the three questions posed at the
first meeting.
Finally, the task force formulated a desired alternative along with a
list of features that would be included on the base map.
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GIVENS
. Include as many features as possible
. Scale is 1:24,000 (I inch = 2000 feet)
. Map completed in 12-24 month time frame
. Coordinates are North American Datum 1983 (NAD 83)
. Task Force recommendations due in three months
. Create a product as usable as possible to as many
people as possible
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SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS
Before a Mn/DOT GIS base map (transportation spatial data base) can be
produced, a number of considerations are required in designing the
data base. The specifications that come out of this design activity
will specify a framework into which pieces of data can be inserted.
With a well-developed structure, the database can be assembled, in
pieces, by a number of different groups at different times, and still
be well coordinated. Without such a structure, however, disarray is
likely to result, running a risk of duplication of effort and lack of
coordination thereby minimizing the value of the product.
Specifications must be developed for at least five topics crucial to
the creation of a comprehensive geographic data base.
MAPPING SYSTEM
The principal source of information that will comprise the data base
will come from existing printed maps. Although it is a simple
operation to transform map projections on data in a digital form using
standard GIS software, it is essential that the projection and
coordinate information initially in the data is well documented and
understood. For this reason, the following specifications are, at a
minimum required to be determined before data collection is begun:
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. Map Projection of Source Document(s)
. Map Scale
. Map Accuracy
. Horizontal Datum
. Vertical Datum (if elevations are considered important)
DATA CONVENTIONS
Certain specifications that will act as guidelines rather than
standards must be decided upon. These specifications will provide
information about the form of the data within the data base. They
include:
. Coordinate System (will the data representing geographic
position be recorded in latitude/longitude ddmmss,
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) meters, State Plane
Coordinate System (SPCS) feet, or some other coordinate
system?)
. Coordinate Precision (to what level of detail will
coordinate data be recorded?)
. Data Layers/Themes (will all data reside in a single data
file, or will layers be separated out depending on theme?)
. Data Collection Specifications (will data be required to be
topologically structured, how accurate will digitizing
be in relation to map graphic, will accuracy specs differ
for different data types?)
. Naming Conventions
. Data Transfer Specifications (in what format(s) will the
data be provided?
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RULES
A set of rules will need to be developed that describe the conditions
under which data have been collected and are stored. Some of the rule
sets necessary include:
. Inclusion Rules (exactly which features gets digitized from
source material and what is left out? Under what
limitations? (ex. rivers <100' wide not collected.)
. Coincidence Rules (When two features exist at a single
geographic position (ex. river and boundary) how will
the data be organized to reflect this condition?)
. Display Rules or Product Generation Rules (how will specific
graphic output products be symbolized/presented?)
FEATURE LIST
To develop the necessary structure which will form the data base, the
selection of features to be recorded needs to be explicit. The task
force has used existing feature lists and has solicited stakeholder
responses to use as a guide. The resulting feature list (see Appendix
F) is comprised of the following components:
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THEME (the main category of information such as
transportation)
FEATURES (the real world "things" that make
up this theme - ex. Interstate Hwy)
ATTRIBUTES (non graphical information
about each feature)
DEFINITIONS (very well defined
description of the limits of each
attribute)
DOCUMENTATION
A description of all data collection specifications as well as the
processing history of the transportation data base will be required.
This catalog information is called bibliographic data or metadata.
There are some models for structuring these types of data. This task
force recommends that a specific model be designed for Mn/DOT using
the federal draft standard as a template.
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Click HERE for graphic.
CONCLUSIONS
As indicated in the MATRIX OF OPTIONS (page 19), the recommended
option is to create this skeletal (linework, some text, no attributes
yet) base map for GIS purposes by inhouse methods. This decision was
based on extensive interviews, questionnaires, experience, and
cost/benefit analysis.
The two major reasons for choosing in-house methods are up-front cost
savings (including business overhead costs), and developing the long-
term expertise necessary for the department to change as its mapping
needs change. Even if a consultant did the digital conversion work,
Mn/DOT's Cartographic Unit would be required to perform the research
and editing.
The scale of 1:24,000 (1" = 2000') was chosen for three reasons.
First, because the accuracy of this scale is ñ40' which is accurate
enough for big-picture, planning applications. Second, because Mn/DOT
has a current effort underway to complete a map of Minnesota at the
1:24,000 scale. Third, because other state agencies, municipalities,
and governmental units said they would benefit from this scale.
Of the 1736 1:24,000 scale quads covering Minnesota, there are
approximately 80 USGS Digital Line Graph (DLG) quads now available
(see Appendix E, page E-4). There is no additional 1:24,000 USGS DLG
work in progress or scheduled for Minnesota. Producing DLGs is orders
of magnitude more extensive, expensive, and time consuming than the
current in-house production of skeletal quads.
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Most other existing or in-process digital map development activities
by other governmental units or the private sector are not as complete,
as accurate, as up-to-date, at the desired scale, and/or have
coordinate reference system inconsistencies. There are a few places
in Minnesota where coordinate-accurate and content-correct digital
maps are being produced. These maps will be incorporated into the
"high resolution" base map for Mn/DOT GIS purposes which this report
lists as one of the future issues to address (page 23).
Regarding the scale of a high-resolution map, it was determined from
both public and private sources that 1:24,000 scale (ñ40') is the
correct scale for almost all planning and big-picture uses. When
performing congestion management, construction plans, and applications
requiring more accuracy, the conclusion is that 1:1200 (I" = 100', ñ2'
accuracy) or more accurate mapping would be the next step. Anything
between 1:24,000 to 1:1200 is more accurate than necessary for
planning, and not accurate enough for detailed project design, but
would have some limited use for facilities management.
There is currently an effort at the federal level in Intelligent
Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) circles to construct a seamless national
spatial transportation map database (Benchmark Highway System or BHN).
Mn/DOT efforts will be consistent with the guidelines necessary to
enable our more comprehensive spatial database to be merged and shared
with the proposed BHN.
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NEXT ISSUES TO ADDRESS
. The need for Global Positioning System (GPS) base station task
force
. The need for Database Structure (Schema) task force
. Issues and plans for future high-resolution GIS base map
. Metrication
. Defining and documenting necessary technical process to create
Mn/DOT's low-resolution GIS base map
. Ongoing data maintenance and management
. System issues in accessing base map = hardware, networking,
security, updating, etc.
. Distribution of the base map (internal and external)
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
accuracy - the degree to which a measurement conforms to or
approximates an accepted, a standard or the true value. Accuracy
relates to the quality of a measurement and is usually expressed in
terms of: ñ units of measure (feet, meters, etc.) ; as a fraction of
error in an overall measurement (1:5000 or I measurement unit error in
5000 measurement units); or as the root mean square (rms) error.
Accuracy is distinguished from precision which relates to the quality
of the operation used to obtain the measurement.
N.B. the terms ACCURACY and PRECISION are not synonymous - see
PRECISION.
base map - a map containing all the fundamental geographic features
and location reference information required for, and from which, other
maps showing specialized information can be prepared.
central meridian (CK) - a meridian (longitudinal reference line or y-
axis) passing through or near the center of a map projection and which
is generally the basis for constructing a map projection. Often the
CM is a straight line about which the map projection is symmetrical.
coordinate system - a reference system for defining points in space or
on a particular surface by means of distances or angles or both with
relation to designated map projection, datum, one or more standard
parallels and a central meridian.
coordinates, Cartesian - a two dimensional x,y location of a
point on a plane (planar) in relation to two intersecting
straight lines, called axes. If the axes are perpendicular to
each other, the coordinates are rectangular; if not, they are
oblique. The X-axis measures the horizontal distance and the Y-
axis measures the vertical distance from the origin point of
intersection. An x,y coordinate defines every point on the
plane. Relative measures of distance, area and direction are
constant throughout the Cartesian coordinate plane.
coordinates, geodetic - the quantities of latitude and longitude
which define the position of a point on the Earth with respect to
the reference spheroid or ellipsoid. Also called geographic
coordinates. N.B. Geodetic coordinates or latitudes and
longitudes are the common denominator in translating from one
coordinate system to another.
coordinates, grid - two distances which fix the position of a
point on a grid. The perpendicular distance to the point from
the Y-axis is called the x coordinate (also called the abscissa)
while the perpendicular distance to the point from the X-axis is
called the y coordinate (also called the ordinate).
A-1
GLOSSARY (continued)
coordinates, planar - a two dimensional x,y location in terms of
distance from a fixed reference. See coordinates, Cartesian.
coordinates, plane-rectangular - perpendicular distances
(coordinates) of a point from a pair of axes which intersect at
right angles, reckoned in the plane defined by those axes.
coordinates, state plane system (SPCS) - the plane-rectangular
coordinate systems developed by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic
Survey (now known as the National Geodetic Survey or NGS), one
for each state in the United States, for use in defining
positions of geodetic stations. Each state is covered by one or
more zones, over each of which is placed a grid imposed upon a
conformal map projection. Zones of having limited north-south
dimension and indefinite east-west extent have the Lambert
conformal conic map projection with two standard parallels as the
base for the state plane coordinate system. Zones for which this
sequence is reversed (i.e. limited east-west dimension and
indefinite north-south extent) have the transverse Mercator
projection as the base. N.B. The Minnesota SPCS uses the Lambert
conformal conic map projection for its 3 north-south limited
zones (north, central and south zones - see map in APPMMIX I)
which are bounded by county boundary lines.
coordinates, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) - a world-wide
grid coordinate system based on the Transverse Mercator
projection in zones 6ø wide in longitude. The Earth is divided
into 60 zones -which are bounded by meridians whose longitudes
are multiples of 6ø west or east of Greenwich, England, and are
numbered by beginning with zone 1 from 180øW to 174øW and
increasing eastward to zone 60 bounded by longitudes 174øE to
180øE. The latitude of origin is 0ø (the equator) the longitude
of origin is the central meridian of each zone (multiples of 3ø);
the unit of length is the meter. The false northing for the
northern hemisphere is 0 meters (10,000,000 meters for the
southern) and the false easting is 500,000 meters. The UTM
system is designed for world-wide use between the latitude limits
of 84øN and 80øS. N.B. Most of Minnesota is within UTM zone 15
(see map in APPENDIX I). For state-wide continuity, an extended
UTM zone 15 is used to cover the full width of Minnesota.
datum - a set of parameters and control points used to accurately
define the three-dimensional shape of the Earth (e.g. as an
ellipsoid). The corresponding datum is the basis for a planar
coordinate system.
datum, geodetic - a geometric set of five quantities which serves
as a locational reference or base for other quantities. The five
quantities are the latitude and longitude of an initial point,
the azimuth of a line from,this point and two constants necessary
to define the terrestrial spheroid.
A-2
GLOSSARY (continued)
datum, North American 1927 (NAD27) - geodetic datum defined by
the geographic position of triangulation station Meades Ranch and
the azimuth from that station to station Waldo on the Clarke
spheroid of 1866.
datum, North American 1983 (NAD83) - geodetic datum to better
define an Earth-fitting ellipsoid. and for relating existing
coordinate systems to the Earth's center of mass. It is based on
both satellite and terrestrial data used in developing the
Geodetic Reference System of 1980 and later the World Geodetic
System of 1984 (WGS-84). This improved Earth-centered model
slightly changes the latitude and longitude of almost every point
in North America.
DIME (GBF/DIME) - acronym for Geographic Base File Dual / Independent
Map Encoding data and its format developed and distributed by the U.S.
Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce for the 1980 census. DIME
files cover some 250 metropolitan areas within the United States.
DIME files were an outgrowth of the 1970 census Address Coding Guides
(ACG) with the addition of latitude and longitude coordinates
corresponding to ACG codes. This allowed for a computer generated
schematic map of a metropolitan areas streets and address ranges
relating to the Bureaus tabular statistical data. DIME files are the
basis for metropolitan area coverages in the 1990 census TIGER data.
Also see TIGER.
DLG (Digital Line Graph - computerized vector map files produced and
published by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in various scales and
containing data from various base map categories such as hydrography,
transportation, hypsography, and PLSS boundaries. DLG also refers to
the USGS digital format standard in which the USGS delivers these data
sets.
ellipsoid - a solid geometric figure of the Earth whose mathematical
surface best approximates the shape of the Earth -- also called a
spheroid. It is generated by an ellipse revolving about its minor
axis which can be considered to be the Earth's polar axis. Latitude,
longitude and All planar coordinate systems are determined with
respect to the ellipsoid.
false easting - a value assigned to the central meridian of a
coordinate system to avoid the inconvenience of using negative
departures (i.e. coordinates).
false northing - a value assigned to the latitude of origin of a
coordinate system to avoid the inconvenience of using negative
latitudes or coordinates.
A-3
GLOSSARY (continued)
geoid - the figure of the Earth considered as a mean sea level surface
extended continuously through the continents. It is a theoretically
continuous surface that is perpendicular at every point to the
direction of gravity (the plumb line). It is the surface of reference
for geodetic leveling as its variation is far less than that of the
ellipsoid from a true sphere.
geographic information system (GIS) - an information system comprised
of computer hardware, computer software and procedures designed to
support the capture, storage, management, manipulation, analysis,
modeling and display of spatial data.
GIS purposes - using GIS technology for identifying, developing
strategies and providing decision support for complex planning
and management problems.
global positioning system (GPS) - a precise location and navigation
information technology using orbiting satellites which was developed
by the U.S. Department of Defense for military applications. GPS
technology employs a constellation of 24 NAVSTAR satellites orbiting
the Earth twice a day transmitting highly precise timing data
generated by on-board atomic clocks. A GPS receiver picks up this
timing information and satellite location information from at least 4
of the satellites and mathematically computes latitude, longitude and
altitude information.
GPS, differential - a relative navigation or survey positional
technique which removes the effects of Selective Availability
(SA) and other GPS errors by using a reference station which
monitors GPS transmissions and broadcasts corrections to other
GPS receivers in the vicinity.
GPS, Selective Availability - one of four GPS modes in which the
satellite location and atomic clock information are intentionally
corrupted by the Department of Defense for national security
reasons. With this "switch on", a varying random error is
introduced in GPS transmissions thus degrading the realtime
accuracy of civilian GPS receivers to ñ 100 meters.
intelligent linework - digital map graphics that "knows" what it is (e
- g. a road) , where it is (e. g. in what county or city) , and "knows
it's relationships" to other digital map graphics (e.g. part of a
route segment or a boundary)
N.B. Also see spatial data and topology.
IVES (intelligent vehicle highway system) - various strategies
employing various in-place as well as developing technologies to
maximize the access, operation, efficiency, and safety of integrated
mode transportation systems.
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GLOSSARY (continued)
map - a representation on a plane surface, at an established scale and
method of orientation, of a part or the whole of the physical features
of the Earth's surface, by the use of signs and symbols.
map projection - a systematic transformation of the locations (i.e.
latitudes and longitudes) on the surface of the Earth (spherical or
ellipsoidal) to planar coordinates. That is, locations in three-
dimensional space are made to correspond to two-dimensional
representation. All map projections distort areas, shapes, angles,
distances or directions to some degree. Certain map projections
attempt to minimize the distortion or preserve one or more of these
variables.
conformal - projection on which all angles at each point are
preserved. Conformality results in constant local map scale
around any point and right angle (900) intersection of meridians
and parallels, just as they do on the Earth itself. Also called
orthomorphic projection as it preserves the shape of small
features. No map can be both conformal and equal-area.
conic - projection resulting from conceptual projection of the
Earth onto a tangent or - secant cone which is then cut open
lengthwise and laid flat. If the axis of the cone coincides with
the Earth's polar axis, all the meridians are straight
equidistant radii of concentric circular arcs representing the
parallels, but the meridians are spaced at less than their true
angles.
cylindrical - projection resulting from the conceptual projection
of the Earth onto a tangent or secant cylinder, which is then cut
open lengthwise and laid flat. If the axis of the cylinder
coincides with the Earth's polar axis, all the meridians are
straight, parallel and equidistant, while the parallels of
latitude are straight, parallel and perpendicular to the
meridians.
equal-area - projection on which the areas of all regions are
shown in the same proportion to their true area. Also called
equivalent projection. Note that shape can be greatly distorted.
geodetic - the quantities of latitude and longitude which define
the position of a point on the Earth with respect to the
reference spheroid. Also called geographic coordinates.
A-5
GLOSSARY (continued)
Lambert conformal conic - a conformal conic map projection type
with all the meridians represented by equally spaced straight
lines which meet in a common point outside the limits of the map,
and all the parallels are represented by a series of unequally
spaced arcs (spaced closer towards the center of the map) of
circles having this same common point for a center. This map
projection may have one or two standard parallels along which the
scale is held exact. At any point on the map, the scale is the
same in every direction. The Lambert conformal conic projection
with two standard parallels is the base for the state plane
coordinate systems devised by the now named National Geodetic
Survey for zones of limited north-south dimension and unlimited
east-west dimension. In these Lambert conformal conic state
plane coordinate systems, the standard parallels are placed at
distances of one sixth the north-south dimension of the map from
its upper and lower limits. Presented by Johan Heinrich Lambert
in 1772.
Mercator - a conformal cylindrical map projection tangent along
the Earth's Equator. Meridians are represented as equally spaced
vertical lines and parallels as horizontal lines as being farther
apart as latitude increases. The correct relationship between
latitude and longitude scale is maintained at any point. As
directions can be measured directly, this projection is widely
used in navigation. Presented by Gerardus Mercator in 1569.
polyconic - projections in which, in the normal aspect, all the
parallels of latitude -are non-concentric circular arcs, except
for a straight Equator, and the center of these circles lie along
a central axis.
transverse Mercator - equivalent to the regular Mercator
projection with the cylinder's tangency turned (transversed) 900
along a meridian. The central meridian, each meridian 900 from
the central meridian and the Equator are represented by straight
lines. The transverse Mercator map projection is the base for
the state plane coordinate systems devised by the now named
National Geodetic Survey for zones of limited east-west dimension
and unlimited north-south dimension. Presented by Johan Heinrich
Lambert in 1772.
universal transverse Mercator (UT14) - special case of the
transverse Mercator projection used as the basis for UTM grid and
coordinates. Also see coordinates, UTM.
metadata - information about data -- i.e. the quality of the data
(lineage, positional accuracy, attribute accuracy, logical
consistency, date collected, completeness), conceptual model
components, and definitions of conceptual terms and transfer standard.
Also see spatial data transfer standard.
A-6
GLOSSARY (continued)
Mn/DOT skeletal quad (file) - a term referring to 1:24000 scale manual
digitizing done by the Cartographic Unit of the Minnesota Department
of Transportation. Published USGS 734 minute quads are used as source
documents with the quad corner coordinates being
Mn/DOT skeletal quad (continued) - precision input for map control
(NAD83) . Using the existing manually drafted Mn/DOT county map for
comparison and update information, the following map features are then
digitized: BOUNDARIES; TRANSPORTATION; HYDROGRAPHY; (see APPENDIX
F).These individual quad files are topologically structured (closure,
coincidence, etc.) but no topology is presently assigned. Mn/DOT
skeletal quad files are edge matched and then copies of these are
merged into appropriate Minnesota county or municipal map coverage.
These merged quad files then undergo graphic transformation
(patterning, etc.) and further editing to produce digital cartographic
products. Also see quadrangle, topology.
National Geodetic Survey (NGS) - a division within the federal Coast
and Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
U.S. Department of Commerce. The NGS is responsible for establishing,
developing, maintaining and publishing the National Geodetic Reference
System (NGRS) which is a database of over one million precisely
located points and serves as the common base of reference for
latitude, longitude, height, scale, orientation and gravity
measurements throughout the United States. The NGS completed a
redefinition and readjustment of new horizontal (NAD83) and vertical
(NAVD88) datums which serve as location control standards for the
United States. The NGS also provides the surveying community with
precise positions of GPS satellite constellations for post-processing
of GPS SA mode "on" corrupted transmissions (3-4 weeks after initial
data transmission), as well as various surveying software programs.
Also see datum, datum NAD83, GPS, GPS Selective Availability.
National Map Accuracy Standards - see APPENDIX B
orthophoto quad - a photographic quad map prepared from perspective
aerial photography in which the displacements of the photographic
images due to both the tilt of the camera and the variation of ground
elevation. (relief) are removed. Also see quadrangle, rectified.
planimetric map - a map which shows the horizontal positions only for
the map features represented. A planimetric map is distinguished from
a topographic map by the omission of relief in a measurable form (e.g.
contour lines) . Typical features of a planimetric map include:
natural features such as lakes, rivers, wetlands and forests; and
cultural features such as roads, political boundaries and buildings.
The Mn/DOT Cartographic Unit produces planimetric maps. Also see
topographic map.
A-7
GLOSSARY (continued)
PLSS - acronym for the Public Land Survey system established in 1787
by the Continental Congress for the purposes of land division. In
Minnesota, the PLSS is the rectangular system of township, range and
section references used for land descriptions, transactions and
adjudications. Also often used as a location reference for geographic
data. Minnesota has 2677 townships (see map in APPENDIX 1) containing
some 125,000 section corners.
precision - the degree of refinement in the performance of an
operation or the degree of perfection of an instrument and/or the
methods of operating it. Also a measure of the uniformity or
reproducibility of the result of an operation. Precision relates to
the quality of the operation by which a result is obtained and is
distinguished from accuracy which relates to the quality of the result
itself.
N.B. the terms PRECISION and ACCURACY are not synonymous - see
ACCURACY.
quadrangle (quad) - a four sided figure, bounded by parallels of
latitude and meridians of longitude, used as an area unit in mapping.
Typically refers to topographic map sheet series of the United States
published by the U.S. Geological Survey bounded by areas of 7 minutes
(map scale 1:24,000), 15 minutes (map scale 1:62,500) or 30 by 60
minute (map scale 1:100,000) of latitude and longitude. Minnesota is
covered by 1736 7% minute USGS quads (see map in APPENDIX E), 109 15
minute quads and 71 30 by 60 minute quads.
raster - a cellular or grid data structure composed of rows and
columns in which individual cells are assigned a numerical value.
Groups of cells represent data features which can be displayed on the
pixels of a computer monitor either as shades of gray or colors.
Groups of cells having the same value represent the same feature.
Image data from satellites and aerial photos are stored using this
structure. In GIS, raster attribute data is associated with a grid
cell or pixel, versus a vector data structure which associates
attribute data with the feature itself. Also see vector.
rectified (aerial photograph) - transformation process whereby an
aerial photograph is projected mathematically, graphically or
photographically to a horizontal plane so as to remove any
displacement due to tilt. N.B. Relief displacement cannot be removed
by this process - see ORTHOPHOTO.
skeletal quad - see Mn/DOT skeletal quad.
spatial data - information about the location, shape of and
relationships among, real -world geographic features, including both
physical and logical objects and events, usually stored as coordinates
with corresponding topology. Examples of a physical object and event
are a road and an accident site. Examples of a logical object and
event are an administrative boundary and an average daily traffic
volume.
A-8
GLOSSARY (continued)
Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) - a federal spatial information
standard first proposed as the Digital Cartographic Standard in 1988
and later submitted as SDTS and adopted as a Federal Information
Processing Standard (FIPS #173) in July 1992. The SDTS consists of
three parts: Logical Specification; Spatial Features; and the
International Standards organization (ISO) Implementation. SDTS
provides for a systematic and comprehensive set of clearly specified
spatial objects and relationships and ancillary information which may
be necessary for transfer of the data between data formats (e.g.
vector, raster, grid) and between incompatible systems while
preserving the "meaning" of the information. SDTS includes
definitions of terminology, data quality information as well as
physical encoding standards.
spheroid - in general, any solid figure differing slightly from a true
sphere -- also called ellipsoid. In geodesy, a mathematical figure
closely approaching the geoid in form and size, and is used as the
surface of reference for geodetic surveys.
standard parallel (SP) - in map projections, a parallel of latitude
along which the scale of a map is as stated for that map. There are
one or two standard parallels on most conic and cylindrical map
projections.
topographic map - a map which shows the horizontal and vertical
positions of the map features represented. A topographic map is
distinguished from a planimetric map by the addition of relief in a
measurable form, such as contours for land elevations and numbers for
water body depths. Also see planimetric map.
topography - the features of the actual surface of the Earth
considered collectively as to form. A single feature such as a
mountain or valley is termed a topographic feature. Topography is
subdivided into hypsography (the relief or elevation features),
hydrography (the water and drainage features) , and culture (manmade
features). Also see topographic map.
TIGER - acronym for the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding
and Referencing data and its format developed and distributed by the
U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce for the 1990 census.
TIGER is a pragmatically pieced together national street map using
various sources: rural coverages derived from the new 1:100,000 scale
DLGs produced by the USGS; metropolitan areas from 1980 DIME files;
some original digitizing to update and extend 1980 metropolitan areas
around existing DIME files. TIGER contains: census geography (all the
various areal units for which the Bureau publishes demographic data) ;
postal geography (only for those areas covered by 1980 DIME files);
coordinate references (NAD27); and vector topology.
Also see DIME, DLG, topology, vector.
A-9
GLOSSARY (continued)
topology - a branch of mathematics which deals with the properties of
the spatial relationships between connecting or adjacent geometric
figures (e.g. points, lines, nodes, polygons). These spatial
relationships include: next to; next-in-line; to the right or left of;
inside or outside of; above or below; etc.). Topological relationships
are built from the simplest of elements (points) into complex elements
such as lines (sets of connected points) and polygons (sets of
connected lines) . Topology defines, maintains and intrinsically keeps
track of the all the identities and relative locations for the
included spatial data.
United States Geological Survey (USGS) - a federal agency within the
U.S. Department of the Interior which produces and distributes
information in many forms (maps, aerial photos, reports, books) on a
wide variety of earth-science specialties (e.g. geology, hydrology,
cartography, land use, etc.) . The National Mapping Division within
USGS publishes a variety of multipurpose maps including several
national topographic quadrangle (quad) map series at different map
scales. Also see quadrangle, topographic map.
vector - a coordinate based linear data structure in which lines are
represented by a directed or ordered list of x,y coordinates. In GIS,
attribute data is associated with the linear feature itself, versus a
raster data structure which associates attribute data with a grid cell
or pixel. Also see raster.
A10
APPENDIX B
NATIONAL MAP
ACCURACY STANDARDS
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MAP ACCURACY STANDARDS
With a view to the utmost economy and expedition in producing maps
which fulfill not only the broad needs for standard or principal maps,
but also the reasonable particular needs of individual agencies,
standards of accuracy for published maps are defined as follows:
1. Horizontal accuracy. For maps on publication scales larger than
1:20,000, not more than 10 percent of the points tested shall be in
error by more than 1/30 inch, measured on the publication scale; for
maps on publication scales of 1:20,000 or smaller, 1/50 inch. These
limits of accuracy shall apply in all cases to positions of well-
defined points only. Well defined points are those that are easily
visible or recoverable on the ground, such as the following; monuments
or markers, such as bench marks, property boundary monuments;
intersections of roads, railroads, etc.; corners of large buildings or
structures (or center points of small buildings); etc. In general
what is well defined will also be determined by what is plottable on
the scale of the map within 1/100 inch. Thus while the intersection of
two road or property lines meeting at right angles would come within a
sensible interpretation, identification of the intersection of such
lines meeting at an acute angle would obviously not be practicable
within 1/100 inch. Similarly, features not identifiable upon the
ground within close limits are not to be considered as test points
within the limits quoted, even though their positions may be scaled
closely upon the map. In this class would come timber lines, soil
boundaries, etc.
2. Vertical accuracy, as applied to contour maps on all publication
scales, shall be such that not more than 10 percent of the elevations
tested shall be in error more than one half the contour interval. In
checking elevations taken from the map, the apparent vertical error
may be decreased by assuming a horizontal displacement within the
permissible horizontal error for a map of that scale.
3. The accuracy of any map may be tested by comparing the positions
of points whose locations of elevations are shown upon it with
corresponding positions as determined by surveys of a higher accuracy.
Tests shall be made by the producing agency, which shall also
determine which of its maps are to be tested, and the extent of such
testing.
4. Published maps meeting these accuracy requirements shall note this
fact on their legends, as follows: "This map complies with National
Map Accuracy Standards."
B-1
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MAP ACCURACY STANDARDS (continued)
5. Published maps whose errors exceed those aforestated shall omit from
their legends all mention of standard accuracy.
6. When a published map is a considerable enlargement of a map drawing
(manuscript) or of a published map, that fact shall be stated in the
legend. For example, "This map is an enlargement of a 1:20,000 scale
map drawing", or "This map is an enlargement of a 1:24,000 scale
published map."
7. To facilitate ready interchange and use of basic information for map
construction among all Federal map-making agencies, manuscript maps
and published maps, wherever economically feasible and consistent with
the uses to which the map is to be put, shall conform to latitude and
longitude boundaries, being 15 minutes of latitude and longitude, or
7.5 minutes, or 3-3/4 minutes in size.
B-2
APPENDIX C
OTHER STATE
DOTs' SURVEY SUMMARY
A TASK FORCE IN THE MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAS BEEN
CHARGED WITH RECOMMENDING HOW-TO DEVELOP A STATE-WIDE, 1:24,000 BASE
MAP FOR GIS PURPOSES IN A 12 TO 24 MONTH TIME FRAME.
A SHORT QUESTIONNAIRE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED ON THIS SUBJECT AND WE WOULD
APPRECIATE HAVING SOMEONE IN YOUR ORGANIZATION COMPLETE AND RETURN IT
TO US.
TO HELP US GET THE SURVEY TO THE PROPER PERSON IN A TIMELY MANNER,
PLEASE FAX THE NAME OF THE CONTACT PERSON MOST FAMILIAR WITH YOUR GIS
ACTIVITY.
YOUR COOPERATION IS APPRECIATED.
CONTACT PERSON:__________________________________________________
TELEPHONE NUMBER:________________________________________________
FAX NUMBER:______________________________________________________
RETURN TO: GARY GRAVES
DIRECTOR, TRANSPORTATION DATA SECTION
MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
--More--
PH. 612-296-1671
FAX 612-296-3371
Disposition:
End of Scanned Mail.
C-1
Click HERE for graphic.
Minnesota Department of Transportation
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Base Map Questionnaire
October 1992
1. Do you have a statewide bass map for GIS purposes? YES__ NO___
If YES please STOP here. FAX a copy of this questionnaire to
Gary Graves, FAX 612-296-3311.
A member of the Mn/DOT GIS Base Map Task Force will follow up
with a brief telephone interview.
2. Are you planning on creating a bass map within the next 5 years?
YES_____ NO____
If you answered NO to the above two questions please STOP here
and FAX a copy of this questionnaire to Gary Graves, FAX # 612-
296-3311.
3. How many months do you expect to take to create a GIS bass map?
18 months____ 24 months____ 36 months____ Other________
4. What is your estimated cost to create this GIS base map?
Under $.5 mil___ $.5 -$1.0 mil___ $1.0-$2.0 mil___ Other_____
5. What scale do you plan to use?
1:250,000 ____ 1:100,000 _____ 1:24,000_____ Other_________
6. What will be your primary source material?
USGS Quads____ Aerial Photos_____ GPS Mobile Equip.___ Other____
7. What do you think are the 10 most important features? (e.g.
roads, hydrology, political boundaries, etc.)
1._______________________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________________
4._______________________________________________________________
5._______________________________________________________________
6._______________________________________________________________
7._______________________________________________________________
8._______________________________________________________________
9._______________________________________________________________
10.______________________________________________________________
Please FAX this information to Gary Graves, FAX 612-296-3311
Thank you for your time and effort Results of this questionnaire will
be available upon request
C-3
Minnesota Department of Transportation
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Base Map Questionnaire
SUMMARY
1. Do you have a statewide base map for GIS purposes? YES 12 NO 7
If YES please STOP here. FAX a copy of this questionnaire to
Gary Graves, FAX # 612-296-3311.
A member of the Mn/DOT GIS Base Map Task Force will follow up
with a brief telephone interview.
2. Are you planning on creating a base map within the next, 5 years?
YES 8 NO 0
If you answered NO to the above two questions please STOP here
and FAX a copy of this questionnaire to Gary Graves, FAX # 612-
296-3311.
3. How many months do you expect to take to create a GIS base map?
18 months 0 24 months 1 36 months 2 Other
Unknown (3)
4. What is your estimated cost to create this GIS base map?
Under $.5 mill. 2 $.5 - $ 1.0 mill. 1 $1.0 - $2.0 mill. 2
Other $3 Mill.(1), Unknown (2)
5. What scale do you plan to use?
1:250,000 0 1:100,000 2 1:24,000 4 Other 1:12,000
(I), Unknown (1)
6. What will be your primary source material?
USGS Quads 6 Aerial Photos 0 GPS Mobile Equip. 0
Other All (2). Unknown (1)
7. What do you think are the 10 most important features? (e.g.
roads, hydrology, political boundaries, etc.)
1. Hydrology (8)
2. All Roads = State, County, and Local (6)
3. Political Boundaries (6)
4. Culture (4)
5. Railroads (4)
6. Public Land Survey (3)
7. Accident Sites (2)
8. Airports (2)
9. Archaeological Sites (2)
10. Bridges (2)
Please FAX this information to Gary Graves, FAX # 612-296-3311
Thank you for your time and effort. Results of this questionnaire
will be available upon request.
C-4
PHONE CALLS FOLLOW-UP
QUESTIONNAIRE of OTHER DOTs
1. What is the map's source
material(s)?__________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. At what scale is the map?_________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. What are the data capture techniques (scanning, digitizing, etc.)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. How much time did (will) it take to complete?_____________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. What is the estimated total cost to create this map?______________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6. Who (what functional group or consultant) created this map?_______
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
7. Whose responsible for the maintenance of this map?________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
8. What is the hardware and software you use for the map?____________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
9. Is the map created with intelligent graphics or only background
linework?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
10. Who are the clients/users of the map?____________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
C-5
11. Why are you making this map?_____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
12. What are your plans for a high-resolution map?___________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
13. Are you partnering with other agencies, areas of the DOT, or
counties or map database sharing or map creation? If so, who?_________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
14. Was this map created as one part of one application? ... what are
your formal long-range plans for interagency map sharing?_____________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
15. What are you using for location reference systems?________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
16. What are your plans for data structures or data models or
database schemas to ensure compatibility with other's
databases?____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
C-6
PHONE CALL FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONNAIRE of OTHER DOTs
SUMMARY
* please note that not all people responded to all questions
1. What is the map source material?
DLGS, quads, other USGS documents, some used aerial photos and
construction plans to supplement.
2. At what scale is the map?
. 1:500,000 (1)
. 1:100,000 (3)
. 1: 24,OOO (4)
3. What were/are the data capture techniques?
All but one did varying amounts of digitizing, some used scanning
as part of the process.
4. Is the map created with intelligent graphics or only background
linework?
One had beginning & ending log-miles attached, four began with
CADD drawings and added some features.
5. How many months did/will it take to complete?
. 18 person years . 3 person years (2)
. 15 years . 8 months for highways only
. 7« person years . 3 months for primary roads
. 3 years
6. What is the estimated costs to create?
$2.5M, 2.OM, 750K, 523K, 500K, 150K, 90K, 60K, Unknown (2).
7. Who created this map?
. Planning & mapping unit
. Transportation Statistics Unit
. Inventory/Mapping
. Cartographic services
. Cartographics
. DOT GIS Unit
. Joint effort among USGS, DOT, and Vendor
C-7
8. Whose responsible for maintenance of this map?
. Same as unit that created it (4)
. Divided between Mapping & GIS
. Cartography Unit
. Technical services Unit
. Unknown
9. What is the hardware/software you use for this map?
. Arc/Info (2)
. EDS-GDS on VAX 4000 with 4 VAX 3100s in X-Windows
. Intergraph & MicroStation. One copy of MGE
. Intergraph & NGE
. Intergraph & MGE with Dynamic Segmentation Module
. Intergraph 2020s (8), 2430, & 220; VAX
. Intergraph hardware & software
10. Who are the clients /users of the map, and for what do they use
it?
. Not many users now
. Planning purposes
. Cartography & GIS Development Division
. Design & Development for Planning
. Pavement Management, Bridge, & Transportation Planning
. State Aid, Permits, Accident Analysis in Planning Section
. Pavement Management, Planners
. DOT, DNR, US Forest Service
11. What are your plans for a high-resolution map?
. None (5)
. No need
. Considering feeding construction plans into process
. Using software map indexing to overlay plan scale drawings
12. Are you partnering with other agencies, areas of the DOT or
counties for map database sharing or map creation? If so, who?
. No (4)
. DOT only
. Sharing with DNR
. Coordinating Network Council
. Joint development with Counties
C-8
13. Was this map created as part of one application? ... what are
your formal long-range plans for interagency map sharing?
. Initial creation was state-wide
. State-wide and for most entities to use
. No long range plans for sharing (3)
. Informal long-range planning for map library
. Part of the governor's strategic management plan
14. What are you using for location reference systems?
. Route mile posts (2)
. Route mile posts, UTM, lat/long (from GPS)
. Route reference posts
. Route reference posts, lat/long
. Route, segment, offset
. Route #, direction, reference post, & offset
15. What are your plans for standards on data structures, data models
or database schema to ensure compatibility with other's
databases?
. None (3)
. Through policy boards
. Using DLG standards and structures
. Standardizing on one relational database
. Working on standardization of reference system now
. State Geographic Information Council Stds Subcommittee
16. What do you think are the ten most important features?
Railroads All roads = state, county, local
Airports Political boundaries
Hydrology Public land survey
USGS State & county boundaries
State hwy only Wetland boundaries
C-9
APPENDIX D
MN/DOT COUNCIL FOR
GEOGRAPH IC INFORMATION
STAKEHOLDER
QUESTIONNAIRE SUMMARY
MN/DOT COUNCIL FOR GEOGRAPH IC INFORMATION
STAKEHOLDER QUESTIONNAIRE SUMMARY
NAME OF INTERVIEWER:__________________________ Date:_______________
PERSON INTERVIEWED:___________________________________________
FUNCTIONAL AREA:______________________________________________
1. What maps do you use now as part or your work?
____District ____County
____Region ____State
____City
____Other (explain)_______________________________________________
2. Where do you obtain this map?
____Mn/DOT Cartographic Unit
____Other (explain)________________________________________________
3. What information do you need to see on a map?
(i.e. interstate Hwys, trunk Hwys, county or district boundaries,
quadrangle corners, census tracts, etc.)
* Have the interviewee list the minimal features they NEED, not
the features that "would be nice".
_______________________________ ________________________________
_______________________________ ________________________________
_______________________________ ________________________________
4. How useful would it be to have a digital state-wide map available
so you could plot your data to within 50' of its true location?
____Very Useful ____Not Useful
____Somewhat Useful ____I'm Not Sure
____Useful
5. Who else (person or functional area) do you think we should talk to?
Name_________________________
Functional Area______________
Name__________________________
Functional Area_______________
D-1
MN/DOT COUNCIL FOR GEOGRAPH IC INFORMATION
STAKEHOLDER QUESTIONNAIRE SUMMARY
NAME OF INTERVIEWER:_____Mn/DOT_______________ DATE:_Sept.-Dec. 1992_
PERSON INTERVIEWED:_____Summary____________________________________
FUNCTIONAL AREA:________Summary____________________________________
1. What maps do you use now as part or your work?
30_District 37_County
12_Region 28_State
35_City
15_Other (explain)_USGS Quad (4), Whatever I can (3), Plat Maps
(3), Nat'l Forest maps, Watershed District, Maintenance Area,
Truck Station Area, 2oning.
2. Where do you obtain this map?
30_Mn/DOT Cartographic Unit
26_Other (explain)_Counties (a), Cities (6), USGS (4),
Photogrammetric Unit (4), Right of Way (2), Wherever I can, Truck
Center.
3. What information do you need to see on a map?
(i.e. interstate Hwys, trunk Hwys, county or district boundaries,
quadrangle corners, census tracts, etc.)
* Have the interviewee list the minimal features they NEED, not the
features that "would be nice
_____-see next page________ ___________________________________
___________________________ ___________________________________
4. How useful would it be to have a digital state-wide map available
so you could plot your data to within 501 of its true location?
16_Very Useful 4_Not Useful
10_Somewhat Useful 6-I'm Not Sure
3-Useful
2_'I need exact coordinates for my work'
5. Who else (person or functional area) do you think
we should talk to?
Name_________________NA_________________
Functional Area______NA_________________
D-2
Click HERE for graphic.
D-3
APPENDIX E
QUAD, CARTO,
MAP EXAMPLES
Click HERE for graphic.
E-1
Click HERE for graphic.
E-2
Click HERE for graphic.
E-3
Click HERE for graphic.
E-4
Click HERE for graphic.
COMPARATIVE FILE SIZES "QUAD" FILE VS "CARTO" FILES
APPENDIX F
MN/DOT LIST OF FEATURES
DIGITIZED FROM USGS QUADS
Rev. 11-1-92
MN/DOT LIST OF FEATURES DIGITIZED FROM
USGS 1:24000 SCALE QUADS
Line Line Line
I. BOUNDARIES Level Weight Code Color
a. State......................8.......7..............6............0
b. County....................22.......5..............4............0
c. Corporate Limit...........23.......1..............2............5
d. Township: Civil...........32.......4..............3............6
e. Congress..................32.......4..............0...........10
f. Section Line..............21.......2..............0............8
g. Quad Border - 7« minutes...2.......1..............0............5
h. Park......................39.......4..............0............4
i. Forest....................38.......2..............0............2
j. Reservation...............40.......2..............0............3
k. Game Refuge...............41.......2..............0............7
l. Wildlife/Waterfowl........41.......3..............0............7
II. TRANSPORTATION
a. Interstate Highway........60.......8..............0...........10
b. State Trunk Highway.......10.......8..............0............3
c. County State Aid Hwy......12.......7..............0............4
d. County Road...............14.......7..............0............2
e. Non-designated Street.....18.......4..............0............0
f. Township Road.............30.......4..............0............0
g. Ramps - Trunk Hwy.........35.......4..............0............0
h. Undocumented Roads........28.......4..............0............8
i. Railroads.................26.......1..............0............0
j. Pipelines.................54.......2..............0............5
k. Transmission Lines........55.......2..............0............5
l. Airport Runways...........27.......8..............0............0
III. HYDROGRAPHY
a. Lake & 2-Shore River.....19........4..............0............1
b. Stream...................19........3..............0............9
c. Intermittent Stream......19........2..............6............9
d. County Road..............19........2..............3............9
IV. CELLS NAMES
a. Quad Corner - XQUAD......1
b. Lat/Long Corner - LLBASE 1
c. Section Corner - SECL9 9
d. "Snap-to" Flag - FLAG.......2
F-1
APPENDIX G
INVENTORY OF EXISTING
Mn/DOT MAPS
Click HERE for graphic.
G-1
APPENDIX H
ROAD INVENTORY COST BREAKDOWNS
Cost estimate for time to have a GPS equipped vehicle to drive the
various roads in the state.
NOTE: This estimate does not include equipment costs or operation
costs.
ASSUMPTIONS:
A two person crew working 8 hours shifts
$11.00 /Hr
$14.00 /Hr
0.533 Labor Additive
$42 Model cost/Day
Meal costs as specified in the Union Contracts.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Mileage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
913.9 Interstate
3,239.6 U.S. Trunk
7,923.8 MN Trunk
__________________
12,077.3 $26,500
======================================================================
Mileage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
30,108.7 County State Aid
15,313.6 County Road
__________________
45,422.3 $91,500
======================================================================
Mileage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
55,093.1 Twp Road
1,193.5 Unorg Twp Road
__________________
56,286.6 $140,000
======================================================================
Mileage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
2,080.0 Municipal State-Aid Street
14,085.7 Municipal Street
_________________
16,165.7 $65,000
======================================================================
Mileage
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1,141.9 National Forest Road
361.0 Indian Reservation Road
1,186.2 State Forest Road
168.9 State Park Road
186.4 Military Road
21.9 Private Jurisdiction Road
__________________
3,066.3 $19,000
======================================================================
133,018.2 Miles $342,000
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H-1
APPENDIX I
. MN STATE PLANE AND UTM
COORDINATE ZONE
. MN TOWNSHIPS AND RANGES
Click HERE for graphic.
Click HERE for graphic.
REFERENCES
An Album of Map Projections, 1989, U.S. Geological Survey
Professional Paper 1453.
Computing Standards and GIS: a Tutorial, PlanGraphics Inc.,
Contents Standards for Spatial Metadata, 1992, Federal Geographic
Data Committee.
Definitions of Surveying and Associated Terms, 1972, joint
committee of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping
and the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Map Projections - A Working Manual, 1987, U.S. Geological Survey
Professional Paper 1395.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Geographic data
Collection Standards, 1992, MN DNR GIS Standards Subcommittee.
Minnesota Department of Transportation Geographic Information
Systems Task Force Report, 1991, Mn/DOT GIS Task Force.
Recommendations for Locatin Reference Systems - Standards for
Recording Location Information, 1992, Minnesota Department of
Transportation Location Data Standards Group.
Regional Computer Assisted Cartography Conferences, Summary, 1988,
Sponsors: Federal Highway Administration; Washington State
DOT; Pennsylvania DOT.
Spatial Data Integration Guidelines for LCMR Inventory Programs,
1991, Minnesota Land Information Managemenet Center.
State Mapping Workshop, Minutes, 1991, Mid-Continent Mapping
Center, U.S. Geological Survey.
Summary Status Report - Geographic Database, 1991 Minnesota GIS/LIS
Consortium.
Understanding GIS - The Arc/Info Method, Rev. 6, 1990, 1991, 1992,
Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc..
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